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CHE 161 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What types of molecules play a big role in metabolism?

A

Enzymes and transporters

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2
Q

What are the two types metabolic pathways? Describe them.

A

1) Anabolism - building up new molecules

2) Catabolism - breaking down existing molecules

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3
Q

What are the principles of thermodynamics which metabolism is constrained by? (2)

A

1) Energy cannot be created or destroyed

2) Entropy only ever increases

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4
Q

What are the three types of work in a cell? Describe them.

A

1) Chemical - pushing endergonic reactions
2) Mechanical - movement
3) Transport - pumping things across the membrane

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5
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

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6
Q

What does negative/positive sign of E0 say about the reaction? (Energy released?)

A

Positive: endothermic (absorbs energy)
Negative: exothermic (releases energy)

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7
Q

What is the most commonly oxidized compound in biological system?

A

Carbon

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8
Q

“the more reduced a compound is, the more ________ _________ that can be released by oxidation.”

A

potential energy

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9
Q

Which is more oxidized? Lipids or carbohydrates?

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

In biological systems, what are redox reactions typically coupled to?

A

electron carriers

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11
Q

What are primary electron donors?

A

the initial doner of electrons

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12
Q

What are terminal electron acceptors?

A

the final recipient of electrons

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13
Q

What are the two types of electron carriers? Describe them.

A

1) freely diffusable - they diffuse to the enzyme

2) Attached - they are bound to the enzyme

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14
Q

What is an example of freely diffusible carriers? (3)

A

NAD+/NADH
FAD/FADH2
NADP+/NADPH

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15
Q

What is an example of attached electron carrier?

A

coenzyme Q

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16
Q

What are exergonic reactions? Endergonic?

A

Exergonic - releases energy

Endergonic - consumes energy

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17
Q

Is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic

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18
Q

How do enzymes couple the energy released by the hydrolyze of ATP to other reactions to drive the reaction forward?

A

by transferring the phosphate group to the other substrate

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19
Q

What does positive/negative sign of ΔG say regarding if energy is released or consumed?

A

Positive - energy consumed

Negative - energy released

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20
Q

What are two processes where ATP is generated in chemotrophs?

A

1) Fermentation - redox without terminal electron acceptors

2) Respiration - redox with terminal electron acceptors (eg oxygen)

21
Q

What are the two molecular level mechanisms which generates ATP?

A

1) Substrate level phosphorylation

2) Oxidative phosphorylation

22
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur for in animal cells and plant tissues?

A

mitochondria

23
Q

What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

glucose

24
Q

Why does the cell slow down the glucose redox reaction?

A

since oxygen is highly reactive and so the reaction happens very fast, which would waste a lot of energy

25
Q

What are three main pathways that work together to degrade glucose and harvest the energy?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
3) Electron transport chain (ETC)

26
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

A

cytosol

27
Q

What is stage three of glycolysis and fermentation? (2)

A

1) fermentative pathway or

2) continue to TCA cycle and ETC

28
Q

Why is glycolysis and fermentation substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Has enzymes involved

29
Q

What happens to the pyruvate produced from the glycolysis if oxygen is present?

A

Goes to the TCA cycle and ETC

30
Q

What happens to the pyruvate produced from the glycolysis if NO oxygen is present?

A

fermentation to make ATP and regenerate NAD+

31
Q

What is an example of when human cells will use fermentation?

A

During exercise when oxygen is temporarily unavailable

32
Q

How is pyruvate converted to acetyl-coA?

A

decarboxylation

33
Q

Where does TCA occur in eukaryotes? In bacteria?

A

Eukaryotes - mitochondria

Bacteria - cytosol

34
Q

When pyruvate is transported from the cytosol into the mitchondria, what is the cost?

A

1 ATP per pyruvate

35
Q

What makes up the ETC?

A

series of membrane proteins that are also electron carriers

36
Q

Where does ETC occur in eukaryotes? In bacteria?

A

Eukaryotes - inner mitochondria membrane

Bacteria - plasma membrane

37
Q

Why does NAD+ make more ATP than FADH2?

A

NAD+ enters ETC earlier and can pump more H+ across the membrane
which makes more ATP

38
Q

How is the concentration gradient created in ETC?

A

the movement of H+ from one side of the membrane

39
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

the electrochemical gradient created by H+

40
Q

What is the enzyme that produces ATP? What is it known as?

A
  • ATP synthase

- Smallest known motor

41
Q

Which metabolism method (ETC or fermentation) is the most efficient? Why don’t cells prefer that metabolism method the most?

A
  • Fermentation

- Energy is stored in lactid acid which is harmful at high conc

42
Q

When do cells use anaerobic respiration? (2)

A

When:

1) ATP must be made quickly
2) O2 is not available

43
Q

Where does the photosynthetic machinery occur?

A

chloroplast stroma

44
Q

What are the main differences between ETC and photosynthesis? (2)

A

1) the electrons are supplied by the hydrolysis of water

2) electrons are excited by light

45
Q

What is the only enzyme in the world known to hydrolyze water?

A

Photosystem II

46
Q

Are all the O2 produced by the plant released into the atmosphere?

A

No…plants also use respiration

47
Q

What is the purpose of the calvin cycle?

A
  • In case light is limited ATP must be stored in another form
  • ATP is used to fix inorganic carbon into carbohydrates
48
Q

What is the most important enzyme in Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco!

CHE 161 (14 decks)

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