Cell Biology Flashcards
What are the four basic tenets of cell theory?
- All living things are composed of cells
- The cell is the basic functional unit of life
- Cells arise only from pre existing cells
- Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA which is passed on to daughter cells
What is the nucleus?
Double membrane organelle where genetic information (DNA) is stored
What is the mitochondria?
Site of ATP production, they are able to self replicate and have their own DNA and ribosomes
How is ATP made?
ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP by utilizing the proton gradient as a driving force - proton gradient (H+) is higher in inter membrane space than in the matrix
What is a lysosome?
A vesicle containing hydrolysis enzymes which digests food and viral/bacterial particles
What is the rough ER?
ER studded with ribosomes which deals with protein synthesis, folding, modification and export
What is the smooth ER?
Deals with the biosynthesis of lipid, steroids, and the metabolism of carbohydrates and drugs
How does biosynthesis work in the rough ER?
The RER makes transmembrane proteins, carries them in its membrane which then forms a vesicle and buds off, fuses with the transmembrane and is now on the transmembrane.
More specifically, the proteins to be secreted have a signal sequence (released when ribosomes make the protein), signal sequence recruits signal recognition particle that drags it to the RER, ribosome now on the RER continues making the protein and snakes it into the lime, signal sequence is clipped off
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies and secretes macromolecules for the cell (packaging, secretion, modification of glycoprotein carbohydrates)
What is a peroxisome?
Organelle that collects peroxides and contain digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion
A child is diagnosed with an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide. What would be the likely outcome of such a deficiency?
Enzyme deficiency would likely result in the inability to digest very long chain fatty acids
What are the predominant proteins of each cytoskeleton element? (microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments)
Microfilaments are composed of ACTIN
Microtubules are composed of TUBULIN
Intermediate filaments differ by cell type but include KERATIN and DESMIN
How do the cytoskeleton structures of centrioles and flagella differ?
Centrioles consist of nine triplets of microtubules around a hollow centre
Flagella consist of nine DOUBLETS on the outside with two microtubules on the inside
Classify each of the following cells as either epithelial cells or connective tissue: fibroblasts (produce collagen in a number of organs), endothelial cells (line blood vessels), alpha cells (produce glucagon in the pancreas), osteoblasts (produce osteoid, which hardens bone), and chondroblasts (produce cartilage)
Fibroblasts - connective tissue Endothelial - epithelial Alpha cells - epithelial Osteoblasts - connective Chondroblasts - connective
