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MCAT - BB > Biology - Enzymes > Flashcards

Biology - Enzymes Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

List the enzymes involved in GLYCOLYSIS

A 
Phosphofustokinase-1
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Hexokinase
Glucokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
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2
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

the enzymatic breakdown of a carbohydrate (such as glucose) by way of phosphate derivatives with the production of pyruvic or lactic acid and energy stored in high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP

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3
Q

What is the function of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?

A

Transforms fructose 6-phosphate into Fructose. 1,6-biphosphate. RATE LIMITING and irreversible step in glycolysis

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4
Q

What promotes PFK-1 in glycolysis?

A

AMP, Fructose 2,6-biphosphate

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5
Q

What inhibits PFK-1?

A

ATP and Citrate

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6
Q

What is process is Lactate Dehydrogenase involved in?

A

Fermentation

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7
Q

What function does Lactate dehydrogenase have?

A

Oxidizes NADH auto NAD+, replenishing NAD+ for glyceraldehyde 1,3-phosphate dehydrogenase function. Also reduces Pyruvate to lactate, RATE LIMITING step in fermentation

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8
Q

What promotes lactate dehydrogenase?

A

Absence of oxygen

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9
Q

What inhibits lactate dehydrogenase?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What is process glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase involved in?

A

glycolysis

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11
Q

What is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase?

A

Phosphorylates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into glyceraldehyde 1,3-biphosphate by consuming phosphate while reducing NAD+ into NADH

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12
Q

What are the properties of a biological calalegst?

A

Lowers activation energy
Affects the kinetics of the reaction, but not the thermodynamics or equilibrium constant (speeds up)
Regenerates itself

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13
Q

What are the 2 models for describing the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Lock and key model

Induced fit model

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14
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

Describes substrate as key, enzyme as lock, without changing any conformations they fit nicelytogether

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15
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

Upon substrate binding to on enzyme, both will undergo a slight conformational change to improve binding to one another

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16
Q

What are the six well known types of enzymes?

A 
Isomers
Ligase
Transferase
Lyase
Hydroplane
Oxioreductase
17
Q

What is the function of isomerase?

A

Catalyzes on isomerization reaction - intramolecular rearrangement of bonds in a molecule

18
Q

What is the function of ligase?

A

Catalyze the joining of two molecules

19
Q

What is the function of transferase?

A

Catalyze the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

20
Q

What is the function of lyase?

A

Catalyzes the breaking of a molecule without the use of water

21
Q

What is the function of hydrolase?

A

Catalyzes the breaking of a molecule by adding water

22
Q

What is the function of oxioreductase?

A

Catalyzes the transfer of electrons between molecules

23
Q

What is the function of cofactors/coenzymes?

A

Usually bind to the enzymes active site and assist in catalyzing the reaction

24
Q

What is the difference between coenzymes and cofactors?

A 
Coenzymes = proteins
Cofactors = ions
25
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

If a cofactor or coenzyme is bound extremely tightly to the enzyme

26
Q

What is a holoenzyme vs apoenzyme?

A 
Holoenzyme = enzyme with their coenzyme or cofactor
Apoenzyme = enzyme without their coenzyme or cofactor
27
Q

What type of AAs are most likely to b catalytically important?

A

Charged, polar or nitrogen containing

28
Q

What specific conditions are needed to generate a Michaelis-Menten plot?

A

Enzyme concentration held constant

Substrate concentration increased

29
Q

What action does hexokinase perform in glycolysis?

A

Irreversibly phosphorylates glucose by using one ATP, facilitated by Mg2+ - this prevents glucose from exiting the cell

30
Q

What role does glucokinase have in glycolysis?

A

Functions like hexokinase but only found in liver cells and the pancreatic islet cells

31
Q

What role does pyruvate kinase have in glycolysis?

A

Irreversibly dephosphorylates phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate while turning ADP into ATP

32
Q

What is the role of bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis?

A

In RBCs, transformers 1-3-bisphosphoglycerate into 2-3-biophosphoglycerate which decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen. Shifts the oxygen dissociation curve right, does not bind well to fetal hemoglobin, which is why HbF has higher affinity for oxygen that HbA

33
Q

What is the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase in glycolysis?

A

Converts pyruvate irreversibly into Acetyl-CoA for krebbs or fatty acid cycle

MCAT - BB (6 decks)

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