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MCAT - BB > Biology - Hormones > Flashcards

Biology - Hormones Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis? (from superficial to deep)

A

COME ON LETS GET SUNBURNT

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
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2
Q

What are the major waste products of the kidneys - in urine?

A

H+, Urea, NH3, K+

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3
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts BUILD bone using calcium concentration in the blood to deposit into bones

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4
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts (C for chew up) the calcium in bones for reabsorption into the bloodstream

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5
Q

What is the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Released from: hypothalamus in response to puberty

Acts on: anterior pituitary causing secretion of FSH and LH

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6
Q

What is the Growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

Released from: Hypothalamus

Acts on: Anterior Pituitary and causes secretion on GH

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7
Q

What is thyroid releasing hormone?

A

Released from: hypothalamus

Acts on: anterior pituitary causing secretion of TSH

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8
Q

What is the corticotrophin - releasing factor?

A

Released from: hypothalamus

Acts on: anterior pituitary and releases ACTH

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9
Q

What is prolactin - inhibiting factor aka dopamine?

A

Released from: hypothalamus (always)

Acts on: anterior pituitary to inhibit prolactin secretion

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10
Q

What is follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Released from: anterior pituitary in response to GnRH

Acts on: gonads

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11
Q

What is luteinizing hormone?

A

Released from: antenor pituitary in response to GnRH

Acts on: Gonads

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12
Q

What’s growth hormone?

A

Released from: anterior pituitary in response to GnRH

Acts on: muscles and bones - causes growth, raises blood glucose

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13
Q

What is thyroid-stimulating hommore?

A

Released from: anterior pituitary in response to TRH

Acts on: thyroid to cause secretion of T3 and T4

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14
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Released from: anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin releasing factor
Acts on: adrenal cortex and causes release of cortisol

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15
Q

What is prolactin?

A

Released from: anterior pituitary due to reduced PIF or dopamine
Acts on breasts to stimulate milk production and secretion

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16
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone?

A

Also known as ADH or vasopressin
Released from: posterior pituitary when osmolarity is HIGH
Acts on: kidneys to cause increased water absorption and often increases blood pressure

17
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Released from: posterior pituitary

Acts on: uterus to induce contractions and pleasure feelings

18
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Released by thyroid C cells

Acts to decrease blood calcium concentration

19
Q

What is Parathyroid hormone?

A

Released from: parathyroid

Acts to increase blood calcium concentration by promoting reabsorption of calcium into blood from bones

20
Q

What is Glucagon?

A

Released from ALPHA pancreas cells in response to low blood sugar
Acts on BLOOD to break down glycogen and inhibit protein production to raise blood sugar. Causes feelings of hunger, promotes glyconeogenesis and releases fatty acids from adipose cells into the bloodstream

21
Q

What is insulin?

A

Released from BETA pancreas cells in response to high blood sugar
Acts on the blood to facilitate the storage of glucose into glycogen to lower blood sugar

22
Q

What is somatostatin?

A

Released from pancreas and inhibits both insulin and glucagon

23
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Released from adrenal cortex in response to ANGIOTENSIN II
Acts on distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - increase sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, also pulling water into bloodstream , increasing blood volume/pressure

24
Q

Where is estrogen released from?

A

Adrenal cortex

25
Q

Where is progesterone released from?

A

Adrenal cortex

26
Q

Where is testosterone released from?

A

Adrenal cortex

27
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Released from the adrenal medulla
Acts on the liver and muscle and promotes glycogenesis in liver to increase blood sugar and glucose in muscles - increases basal metabolism

28
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

Released from the adrenal medulla, acts on liver and muscle promotes same as epinephrine but excess leads to mania, not enough leads to depression

29
Q

What is thyroxine (T4)?

A

Released from Thyroid in response to TSH
Acts on the small intestine, blood to create slower, longer lasting effects on metabolism. Clears cholesterol from plasma and increases absorption on small intestine

30
Q

What is Glucocorticoid?

A

Released from the adrenal cortex in response to stress into the BLOOD
Stimulates the fight of flight response by rapidly mobilizing glucose from the liver to the bloodstream

31
Q

What is Trilodothyronine (T3)?

A

Released from Thyroid in response to TSH
Acts on small intestine and blood (rapid and shorter effects on metabolism), derived from T4 and clears cholesterol and helps glucose absorption from small intestine

32
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Releases from stomach when a meal is coming

Acts by increasing appetite and releasing orexin

33
Q

What is Orexin?

A

Released from Stomach as a result of Ghrelin

Cases increased appetite and alertness

34
Q

What is Leptin?

A

Released from fat cells

Acts on Orexin to decrease appetite by SUPPRESSING Orexin production

35
Q

What is Secretin?

A

Released from the duodenum to act on the pancreas

Slows mobility in the small intestine to allow digestive enzymes to act on chyme

36
Q

What is Cholecytokinin?

A

Released from duodenum as a result of AAs and fats entering the duodenum
Acts on the brain and pancreas to stimulate the release of BILE and pancreatic juices, promotes satiety and feeling “full”

MCAT - BB (6 decks)

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