Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT 1001 > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main components of a cell

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

the flexible outer surface of a cell separating the internal and external environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

list the passive proccesses by which movement occurs through the membrane

A

 Diffusion: molecules moving from regions of high to low concentration
o Simple diffusion: moves through the lipid bilayer unassisted
o Facilitated diffusion: diffusion with help (carrier mediated or channel mediated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list the active proccesses by which movement occurs through the membrane

A

 Active transport: uses ATP to push substances through the membrane against the gradient (low to high)
 Vesicular transport: (involves a vesicle)
o Endocytosis: movement of substances into a cell in vesicles
1. Pinocytosis: membrane engulfs small droplets of fluid from extracellular
2. Phagocytosis: membranes engulf solid particles from the extracellular environment
o Exocytosis: moves substances out (exits) of a cell in secretory vesicle, fuses with plasma membrane and releases contents into ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is endocytosis

A

endocytosis: movement of substances into a cell in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is pinocytosis

A
  1. Pinocytosis: membrane engulfs small droplets of fluid from extracellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis: membranes engulf solid particles from the extracellular environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is exocytosis

A

o Exocytosis: moves substances out (exits) of a cell in secretory vesicle, fuses with plasma membrane and releases contents into ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is diffusion

A

Diffusion: molecules moving from regions of high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain the structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • Lipid bilayer = made of lipid + protein
     Lipid = phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids
     Proteins = integral and peripheral proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the nucleolus and what does it do

A

Nucleolus: a spherical structure within the nucleus; produces components of the ribosomes, which are important in protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A
  • Controls cellular structure
  • Directs cellular activity
  • Contains nucleoproteins and DNA, which encodes the instructions for making cells, tissues, organs, and eventually, the whole organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

• The part of the cell outside the nucleus; bounded by the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the cytosol

A
  • The viscous fluid portion of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the role of the cytosol?

A
  • Maintain cell structure and cellular growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

whatis the role of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Maintains structural integrity of cell that are dynamic in nature. Movement of cells, organelles and muscle fibre contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 structural elements of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why may organelles be folded?

A

to increase SA for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the rough ER responsible for?

A

ribosomes -protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the smooth ER responsible for?

A
  • Detoxifies drugs/harmful substances

- Store/release Ca2+ fpr muscle contraction in form of sER called sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are ribosomes

A
  • Small, granular organelles found within the cytosol (free) or bound to rER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do bound ribosomes do?

A

 Bound ribosomes: synthesise proteins destined for secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do free ribosomes do?

A

 Free ribosomes: synthesise proteins to be used in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

modify and package proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the mitochondria matrix

A
  • Mitochondrial matrix – fluid filled cavity between inner membrane and cristae.
26
Q

what does the mitochondria perform?

A
  • “cell powerhouse” – perform aerobic respiration, converting carbohydrates and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, thus generating energy (in form of ATP
27
Q

what produces lysosomes?

A

golgi complex

28
Q

what are the three specialisations of the cell surface?

A

microvilli
stereocilia
cilia

29
Q

what is microvilli

A
  • Small, close together protrusions (brush border)
30
Q

where is microvilli found?

A

small intestine

proximal renal tubules

31
Q

what is stereocilila?

A

elongated microvilli

32
Q

where is stereocilia found?

A
  • found in the inner ear, epididymis, vas deferens
33
Q

what is cilia

A
  • short hair; like projections from cell surface

elongated motile structures

34
Q

what benefits does cilia provide

A
  • Moves fluid and particles over cells surface
35
Q

where is cilia located

A

respiratory tract

36
Q

what is flagella

A
  • similar in structure to cilia but longer

- moves the entire cell

37
Q

e.g. of flagella

A

sperm cell tail

38
Q

what are cell junctions

A

Cell junctions are intercellular connections between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells

39
Q

what are the five cell junctions

A 
tight junction
adherens junction
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
40
Q

explain tight junctions

A
  • Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together adjacent plasma membrane
  • prevents leakage
41
Q

e.g. of tight junctions

A

uriniary bladder

42
Q

what does the adherens junction do?

A
  • Adheres several cells together so that they function as one unit
43
Q

what is the adherens junction made of?

A
  • Made of plaques (dense layer of proteins attached to microfilaments and membrane proteins) joined by cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins) e. g. cardiac muscle cells
44
Q

e.g of a adherens junction

A

cardiac muscle cells

45
Q

what does desmosomes cell junction do

A
  • Specialised for strong adhesion

- Link intracellularly to intermediate filaments in cytoskeleton

46
Q

What are desmosomes specialised for?

A
  • Specialised for strong adhesion
47
Q

e.g. of desmosomes

A
  • e.g. epidermis, myocardium
48
Q

describe hemidesmosomes cell junctions

A
  • Anchor epithelial cells to basement membrane
49
Q

e.g. of Hemidesmosomes

A
  • e.g. skin, cornea, GI and respiratory tract
50
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A
  • Connect cytoplasm of 2 cells, allows molecules and ions to pass through
  • Transmembrane channels/tunnels connecting cells
51
Q

e.g. gap junctions

A
  • e.g. neurons and cardiac cells (cell types involved in direct electrical activity)
52
Q

what is the principle function of epithelial tissues

A

Covering, lining and protecting surfaces (e.g. skin and gut), secretion (glands), absorption (intestine), sensation (neuroepithelium), contractility (myoepithelial cells)

53
Q

main two types of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Covering: the cells are organised in layers that cover the external surface or line the cavities of the body
  2. Glandular: the cells specialised to produce secretions
54
Q

what are some basic features of epithelial tissues?

A
  • consists of an uniterrupted layer of tightly packed cells
  • polarised: has a free surface (the aprocal surface) exposed ot the outside and the basal surface (opposite) which may be attached to the underlying connective tissue
  • constantly regenerates and renews
  • epithelium is avascular – receives nutritents by diffsion from lamina propia
55
Q

what is the basement memnbrane formed by?

A
  • Basement membrane is formed by secretion of both, epithelial cells and cells in connective tissue
56
Q

what does THE basement membrane seperate?

A
  • It separates epithelium from the underlying connective tissue
57
Q

what are the two layers that compose a basement membrane?

A

basal lamina

reticular lamina

58
Q

what is the basal lamina

A
  1. basal lamina : the layer closely attached to the basal surface of the epithelium – consists of protein filaments (collagen.. etc.)
59
Q

what is does the reticular lamina consist of?

A
  1. reticular lamin: consists of reitcular fibres embedded in hround substance – synthesised by cells of the connective tissue underlying the epithemium.
60
Q

what are the two types of epithelia

A

simple

stratified

ANAT 1001 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions