Cell Bio Flashcards by Alexandra Brown

HIstone NOT in nucleorsome core

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condensed chromatin

heterochromatin

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transcriptionally active chromatin

euchromatin (non condensed)

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inactivates DNA

histone methylation

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Purines

adenosine, guanine (PURe As Gold)

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Pyrimidines

Cytosine, Thyamine, Uracil (CUT the PY)

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amino acids needed for purine sythesis

Glycine, aspartate, Glutamine (GAG)

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drug disrupting purine base production pathway

6-MP

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drugs disrupting pyramidine base production

hydroxyurea, 5-FU, Methotrexate

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megaloblastic anemia - unresponsive to B12/Folic acid, failure to thrive, no hyperammonenia

orotic aciduria (treat with oral uridine)

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excess ATP and dATP imbalances nucleotide via feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Leads to

SCID

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defective purine salvage owing to absence of HGPRT - leads to

Lesch-Nylan

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retardation, self-multition, aggression, hyeruricemia, gout

Lesch-Nylan

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mutation causing same amino acid to be produced

silent

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mutation causing different amino acid to be produced

missense

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mutation causing early stop codon to be produced

nonsense

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mutation causing misreading of all downstream nucleotides downstream results in truncated, nonfunctioning protein

frameshift

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unwinds DNA template at replication fork

helicase

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relives supercoils

topoisomerases

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joins Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

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adds DNA to 3’ end of chromosomes ro avoid loss ot genetic material with duplication

telomerase

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xeroderma pigmentosum has loss of

nucleotide excision repair

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HNPCC has loss of

mismatch repair

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ataxia telangiectaisa has loss of

nonhomologous end joining

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direction of DNA synthesis

5' to 3'

mRNA reading direction

3' to 5'

energy source for DNA nucleotide bonds

triphosphate on the 5' end of the incoming nucleotide

start codon

AUG

stop codons

UGA, UAA, UAG

promotor region on gene usually results in

dramatic loss of transcription

capped, tailed and spliced transcript ready to go

mRNA

contain the actual genetic info for protein coding

exons (exons spliced together make the mRNA

scrutinizes the amino acid before and after it binds to tRNA

aminoacyl tRNA synthtase

binds 30s subunit, preventing attachment of aminoacyl tRNA synthtase

tetracyclines

bind 30S and cause misreading of mRNA

aminoglycosides

bind 50S and inhibit peptidyl transferase

chloramphenicol

bind 50S and prevent release of uncharged tRNA

macrolides

inhibit G1 to S progression

P53 and hypophosphorylated Rb

labile cells

rapidly dividing, never go to GO

RER makes

secretory proteins

SER makes

Steroids, and detoxes drugs and poisons

cells most rich in RER

adrenal cortex and liver

Nissel bodies are similar to what organelle

RER

most be added to proteins to be trafficked to lysosomes

Mannose -6-phostphate

failure of Mannose 6 phosphate addition to lysosome proteins

I cell disease (

coarse facies, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosome enzymes

I cell disease

catabolizes very long fatty acids and amino acids

peroxisome

tags proteins for destruction

ubiquitin

antihelminthic that acts on microtubles

Mebandazole/thiabendazole

antifungal that acts on microtubles

griseofulvin

anticancer drug that acts on microtubles

vincristine/vinblastine

anti gout drug that acts on microtubles

cochicine

mutation on the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene

chediak-higashi syndrome

recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy

chediak-higashi syndrome

cause of kartagener's

immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect

for each ATP consumed in the Na/K pump how many NA go out and K come in

3 Na/2K

directly inhibit Na K ATPase

digoxin/digitoxin

type 1 collegen in

bone, skin, tendon

defect in type I collegen

osteogenisis imperfecta

type II collagen in

cartilage, nucleus pulposus

defect in type III collegen

ehler's Danos

type III collegen found in

reticulin - skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue

type IV collegen found in

basement membrane

defect in type IV collegen

alport syndrome

scurvy interferes with

hydroxilation of specific proline and lysine residues

osteogenisis imperfecta interferes with

glycosylation of pro-a-chain hydroxylysine residues and formation of procollegen

Ehlers danos is problem with

crosslinking collegen

hyperextendible skin, easy brusing, hypermobile joints

ehlers-danos

pregressive nephritis and deafness - possible blindness

alport syndrome

defect in fibrillin

marfan's

breaks down elastin

elastase

can cause emphysema

deficiency of a1-antitrypsin - resulting in excess elastase

southern blot looks for

DNA

northern blot looks for

RNA

Western Blot looks for

Protein

ELISA looks for

antigen (indirect) or antibody (direct)

FISH looks for

specifc gene of interest on chromosome