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MoD > Cell Adaptations > Flashcards

Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Stable cell populations

A

Normally quiescent or proliferate slowly, but can proliferate when required

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2
Q

Permanent cell populations

A

Stme cells are present, but cannot mount an effective proliferative response to significant cell loss.

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3
Q

Labile Cell Populations

A

Cells present are short lived and so cells proliferate continually to replace those lost.

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4
Q

Define regeneration

A

Replacement of cell loss by identical cells (to maintain tissue size)

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5
Q

Define reconstitution. What does it require?

A

Replacement of a lost body part. This requires coordinated regeneration of different cells

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6
Q

What can induce regeneration?

A

Growth factors, cell to cell communication, nervous stimuli

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7
Q

What must happen for regeneration to occur in response to injury?

A

Harmful agent must be removed & site of damage mustn’t be too large

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8
Q

Give an example where slow/less efficient regeneration is advantageous

A

Influenza virus, new respiratory epithelia won’t initially have receptors for virus

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9
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in tissue size due to increase in cell number

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10
Q

What type of cells can hyperplasia occur in?

A

Labile or stable only

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11
Q

How is hyperplasia different from neoplasia?

A

It is reversible, under physiological control, occurs as a response to another cause whereas neoplasia is the cause of injury

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12
Q

What triggers hyperplasia?

A

Increased functional demand or stimulation

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13
Q

Give a physiological example of hyperplasia

A

Endometrium (in response to oestrogen), bone marrow makes more erythrocytes (in response to hypoxia)

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14
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in tissue size due to increase in cell size (NOT cell number)

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15
Q

Where is hypertrophy most likely to be seen?

A

Permanent cells

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16
Q

What is the usefulness of knowing regenerative capacity of different cells?

A

You can predict their response when put under increased demand

17
Q

What can trigger hypertrophy?

A

Increased functional demand, hormonal stimulus.

18
Q

What is the usefulness of having an increased amount of structural components in a cell after hypertrophy?

A

The increased workload is then shared by a greater mass of components and so becomes less of a task/burden

19
Q

Why is cardiac hypertrophy a problem if pathological?

A

The cardiac muscle gets no rest from hypoxia. The number of capillaries does increase, but not enough to be able to meet the needs of the increased muscle mass–> exhaustion

20
Q

Why isnt cardiac hypertrophy such a problem in pro athletes?

A

They allow time for their heart to rest, to become fully supplied before training again

21
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of a tissue due to a decrease in cell number and/or cell size

22
Q

Why can atrophy occur?

A

In response to disuse (eg skeletal muscle), loss of innervation/blood supply, loss of hormonal stimuli, decrease in growth factor, persistent muscle injury (as repair cant occur)

23
Q

How does decreased function come to be a consequence of atrophy?

A

On a cellular level, the cells shrink, TF there are fewer cellular components, meaning the cells cannot do as much TF decreasing function

24
Q

How does cell number decrease? And what happens to the cell remnants?

A

Apoptosis. If on an external or surface- lost to lumen. If internal- removed by phagocytosis

25
Q

Give an example of physiological atrophy

A

Uterus after birth, ovaries post-menopause

26
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of 1 cell type with another

27
Q

Is metaplasia cancer?

A

It itself is benign but can prelude to cancer

28
Q

What happens in metaplasia? (Step by step)

A

One cell type eliminated, then replaced by another, seen as a type of abnormal regeneration.

29
Q

What must stay in metaplasia?

A

The cell type replacing the original must be of the same germ layer also must occur in cells that can divide

30
Q

Define atresia

A

No orifice (eg anus, vagina)

31
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment of a tissue at the embryonic stage, (due to inadequate cell number). It is a congenital defect

32
Q

Define apoplasia

A

Complete lack of/failure of development of a specific tissue. It is a congenital defect

33
Q

Define involution

A

Normal, programmed shrinkage of an organ (eg uterus)

34
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue (can be reversible but can be pre-cancerous)

35
Q

What is the metaplastic change in Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous changes to simple columnar with goblet cells

36
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes

37
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Yes

MoD (10 decks)

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