Cell Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs when the cell homeostasis is distorted by stresses or pathologic stimuli

A

Cell adaptation

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2
Q

Tendency to stability in the normal body states of the organism; it is the ability to maintain equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

True or False: Cell Adaptation is a reversible change

A

TRUE

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4
Q

True or False: In cell adaptation, cells preserve viability and function

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What are the principle responses of adaptation?

A
  1. Atrophy 2. Hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Metaplasia 5. Dysplasia
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6
Q

Decrease in size abd/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached.

Cells are not dead.

A

Atrophy

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7
Q

Atrophy is a _____ in protein synthesis and an ______ in protein degradation in cells

A

Atrophy is a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in protein degradation of cells

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8
Q

Causes of Atrophy

A
  • Decrease work load
  • Denervation
  • Decreased blood spply or oxygen
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation
  • Aging
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9
Q
  • Muscle disuse in a limb that is in a cast
  • Sedentary
  • Atrophy of adrenal cortex by reduction of ACTH stimulation [steroid therapy]
  • Atrophy in tissues adjacent to a tumor due to pressure an compromised blood supply
A

Examples of Atrophy

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10
Q

Identify

A

Serous Atrophy of fat

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11
Q

Increased size of cells and their functions

  • synthesis of more organelles and structural proteins: bigger cells
A

Hypertrophy

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12
Q

Where is hypertrophy more common?

A

In cells with little replication

[stable or permanent cells: cardiomyocytes, neurons]

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13
Q
A

Hypertrophic pregnant uterus

9example of physiologic hypertrophy]

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14
Q

Examples of Pathologic Hypertrophy

A

Cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve disease

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15
Q
A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

the shape of the heart becomes globulus

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16
Q

How much larger can the left ventricle be normally?

A

Up to 3 times the thickness of the right ventricle

17
Q

How much should a heart weigh in comparison to body weight?

A

No more than 0.03% of the body weight of the animal

18
Q

Increase in a number of cells of an organ

A

Hyperplasia

[in cells capable of replication]

19
Q

Physiological examples of Hyperplasia

A

Hormonal- breast during pregnancy

Compensatory: hepatectomy

20
Q

Pathological Hyperplasia is most commonly caused by:

A

Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

21
Q

Pathological Hyperplasia Examples

A

Epidermal Thickening due to repeated irritation

Respiratory mucosa in viral infections

22
Q

Change in phenotype of a differentiated cell

A

Metaplasia

23
Q

Metaplasia is a response to:

A

Chronic irritation►cell withstands stress

24
Q

Metaplasia can result in ____ function or _____ propensity for malignant transformation [neoplasia]

A

Metaplasia can result in _decreased _functions or increased propensity for malignant transormation [neoplasia]

25
Q

Metaplasia is most often seen in what kind of cells?

A

Epithelial cells

26
Q

Can metaplasia be reversible?

A

YES- if the cause is removed

27
Q

Examples of Metaplasia

A

Chronic irritation in lungs

Vit-A deficiency

Estrogen toxicity

In mammary tumors

28
Q

Refers to abnormal development, mostly in epithelial cells, term mostly used in neoplastic processes

A

Dysplasia