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Path Exam 1 > Causes of Cell Injury > Flashcards

Causes of Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the cause of disease

A

Etiology

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2
Q

The study of the sequence of events from initiation (cause) to the conclusion of a disease process

A

Pathogenesis

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3
Q

In understanding pathogenesis it is essential to:

A

Identify the cause and the host response/tissue reaction Determine the significance

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4
Q

What does VINDICATE stand for?

A

Vascular Infection/Inflammatory/Immune-mediated Neoplasm Drugs Iatrogenic Congenital/Developmental/Inherited Anatomic Trauma Environmental Exposure/Endocrine

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5
Q

What does DAMMIT stand for?

A

Degenerative Autoimmune Metabolic Nutritional, neoplastic Inflammatory, idiopathic, iatrogenic Trauma

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6
Q

Refers to damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components

A

Cell Injury

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7
Q

Causes of Cell Injury

A
  1. Oxygen Deprivation
  2. Physical injury
  3. Chemical Injury
  4. Infectious agents
  5. Nutritional imbalances
  6. Genetic
  7. immunologic reactions and dysfunction
  8. Aging
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8
Q

Inadequate oxygenation of tissues [a type of oxygen deprivation]

A

Hypoxia

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9
Q

Decrease of Blood supply in tissues [type of oxygen deprivation]

A

Ischemia

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10
Q

Absence of oxygen in tissues

A

Anoxia

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11
Q

Decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBC) in blood, or decrease in blood volume, or RBC are deficient in hemoglobin

A

Anemia

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12
Q

Toxicosis due to blockage of cell respiratory enzymes

A

Cyanide Toxicosis

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13
Q

What are the types of Oxygen Deprivation

A

Hypoxia Ischemia Anoxia Anemia CO2 Toxicity Cyanide toxicosis

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14
Q

Sorghum spp [Johnson grass, sudan grass, common sorghum]

A

Cause Cyanide Toxicity

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15
Q

List examples of Physical Injury [cells]

A

Direct mechanical trauma temperature extremes Electrical Trauma Radiation Sudden changes in pressure

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16
Q

The physical agent Trauma causes what effect on the cells?

A

Direct rupture or death of large number of cells. Damage to blood supply to cells

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17
Q

The physical agent Extreme Heat has what effect on cells?

A

Denatures essential cell enzymes and other proteins

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18
Q

The physical agent excessive heat has what effect on cells?

A

Can increase the rate of metabolic reactions so that substrates, H2O and pH changes reach lethal levels

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19
Q

The physical agent Electricity has what effect on cells?

A

Generates great heat as it passes through tissue Alters conduction to nerves and muscle

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20
Q

The physical agent Ionization radiation has what effect on cells?

A

Causes ionization of cellular water with production of highly reactive “free radical”

21
Q

Physical Agent Radiation effect?

A

Many forms may damage genetic material producing reproductive cell death of cells, genetic defects, neoplasia

22
Q

How does the Physical Agent Metazoan parasites effect cells?

A

Hahaha: Trick Question- Metazoan an parasites are a Biologic Agent not a Physical Agent!

23
Q

Examples of Physical Injury

A

Puncture Wounds

Lacerations

Ruptured tissue d/t blunt force trauma

24
Q

Examples of Temperature Extremes

A

Heat: Heat stroke, sunstroke, fever, thermal burns

Cold: local tissue freezing, (frostbite), cold shock

25
Q

Effects of Extreme Cold

A

Marked Hemorrhage and Edema

Impairs blood flow

Intracellulat ice crystals rupture cell membranes

26
Q

List Chemical, Drugs and Toxins That Can Cause Cell Injury

A

Inorganic Poisons

Chemicals

Physiologic Compounds

Organic Poisons

Plant Toxins

Animal Toxins

Mycotoxins

27
Q
A

Species: Sheep
Tissue: Kidneys, Liver, Urine, Spleen, Fat
Morphologic DX: Acute pigmentary nephrosis with hepatic degeneration and icterus
Etiologic DX: COPPER POISONING
Lesion or DX Name: Copper toxicity

28
Q

Biologic Infectious Agents

A

Acellualr agents: viruses, prions

Prokaryotes: Bacteria, chlamydia, rickettsiae, mycoplasma

Eularyotes: Fungi, Protozoa

Metazoan parasites: Cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, insects

29
Q

How do Viruses Cause Cell Damage?

A

May shut down protein synthesis in host cells and/or by inducing increased membrane permeability and Ca2+ entry

Can stimulate cytotoxic T-cells that kill infected cells

Can induce apoptosis

30
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis is an Example of a Viral Disease

A

TRUE

31
Q

How does the Infectious Agent Bacteria cause cell damage

A

Causes variable degree depending on the type of bacteria

They produce toxins [Exotoxins, Cytotoxins, Endotoxins]

Damage caused by cytotoxins or inflammatory response

32
Q

Produced by Clstridium spp., releases phospholipase that cause membrane damage

A

Exotoxin

33
Q

Produced by Shigella spp., E.coli, and Salmonella spp.

A

Cytotoxins

34
Q

Produced by Gram Negative bacteria from their cell walls upon death and are directl toxic to membranes

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

35
Q
A

Species: Pig, immature
Tissue: Skin, gross
Morphologic DX: Acute multifocal infected dermatitis
Etiologic DX: ERYSIPELAS DUE TO ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE
Lesion or DX Name: Diamond skin disease

36
Q
A

Species: Bovine
Tissue: Fetal skin, head
Morphologic DX: Aborted Fetus
Etiologic DX: MYCOTIC ABORTION

37
Q
A

Species: cow, adult
Tissue: liver, gross
Morphologic DX: Hydatid disease, Echinococcus granulosa tapeworm cysts
Etiologic DX: HYDATID DISEASE, ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSA TAPEWORM CYSTS

38
Q
A

Species: Bovine, adult
Tissue: Liver, cut surface
Morphologic DX: Chronic fibrosis and regeneration
Etiologic DX: CHRONIC FASCIOLIASIS (FLUKES)

39
Q
A

Species: Horse, adult
Tissue: Intestinal mucosa, gross
Morphologic DX: Contraction bands associated with aberrant bot attachments
Etiologic DX: GASTROPHILUS SPP. BOTS

40
Q

What are example of nutritional deficiencies and inbalances

A

Deficiency: calories or proteins

Excess

*Vitamin and mineral imbalances

  • Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency
  • Copper deficiency, Copper excess
41
Q
A

Vit. E deficiency

Epatocellular necrosis in pigs [hepatosis dietetica]

42
Q

Genetic Derangement

  • Mutations
    • What is the genetic derangement seein in Bedlington Terrier dogs and what does it induce?
A

Deletion of MURR1 causes genetic Derangement and it induces hepatocyte necrosis

43
Q

What type of special stained is used to test for copper?

A

Rhodanine

44
Q

How does Copper effect the cell?

A

Excess copper increases free radicals–> lipid peroxdation and cell membrane damage occurs

[copper does not cause hepatitis in BT until conc. reach 2000 ppm dw

45
Q

Examples of Immunologic reactions and dysfunctions

A
  1. Complement-mediated hemolysis in autoimmune hemolytic anema (dogs)
  2. T-Lymphocyte induced cell apoptosis in viral infection
46
Q

True or False:

Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible

A

TRUE

47
Q

Cell Response to injury depends on:

A

Type of Injury

Duration

Severity

48
Q

Consequences depend on….

A

Type

Status

Adaptability

Genetic Makeup

Path Exam 1 (9 decks)

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