cdconcpt Flashcards
What is boundary maintenance in the context of crime?
When crime produces a reaction from society, uniting its members in condemnation of the wrongdoer and reinforcing their commitment to the shared norms and values.
Define adaptation and change in relation to deviance.
When individuals challenge or go against the norms of their society, at first, they are seen as deviants. However, challenging the norms of a society is what allows it to adapt and grow.
What does anomie refer to?
Normlessness or social instability caused by the erosion or absence of morals, norms, standards, and values in a society.
What is the safety valve concept?
Minor acts of deviance prevent serious crimes from taking place.
What does innovation mean in the context of crime?
Individuals accept the cultural goal but find illegal ways of achieving it by committing utilitarian crimes.
What is an alternative status hierarchy?
Delinquent subcultures offer illegitimate opportunity structures for working class boys who couldn’t get it in the mainstream legitimate way.
Describe criminal subcultures.
Characterised by utilitarian crimes, such as theft, and develop in more stable working-class areas where there is an established pattern of crime.
What are conflict subcultures characterized by?
Violence, gang warfare, ‘mugging’ and other street crime.
Define retreatist subcultures.
For young people who have even failed in the criminal subcultures, leading to drug and alcohol abuse.
What are typifications in interactionism?
Stereotypes of what the typical delinquent is like.
What is meant by the dark figure of crime?
The number of committed crimes that are never reported or discovered.
What is primary deviance?
The first act of deviance prior to being labelled according to Lemert.
What is secondary deviance?
Subsequent acts of deviance as a reaction to being labelled.
Who are moral entrepreneurs?
Individuals committed to the establishment and enforcement of rules against behavior they define as deviant.
What is master status?
The primary identifying status of an individual that shapes interactions and relationships.
What is the deviance amplification spiral?
The official attempt to control deviance or crime leads to an increase in the level of deviance.
Define reintegrative shaming.
Labelling a crime as bad, rather than the criminal.
What is disintegrative shaming?
Labelling both the crime and the actor as bad, leading to exclusion from society.
What does criminogenic capitalism mean?
The Capitalist system encourages criminal behaviour.
What is selective enforcement?
The Criminal Justice system mainly concerns itself with policing and punishing the marginalised, not the wealthy.
Define occupational crime.
Crime usually committed by an individual against his or her employer.
What is corporate crime?
Criminal behaviour committed on behalf of a company by individuals with knowledge of company.
What is the repressive state apparatus?
Consists of the army, the police, the judiciary, and the prison system, operating through coercion and violence.
What does proletarian revenge refer to?
The working class committing crime as a way of seeking revenge against exploitative society.
What is false class consciousness?
Ways in which ideological and institutional processes mislead members of the proletariat in capitalist societies.
What is zero tolerance policing?
The police strictly enforcing every facet of law, including minor activities.
Define relative deprivation.
The idea that people are deprived compared with others in society.
What is marginalisation?
Social exclusion where individuals are relegated to the fringes of society.
What does rational choice theory state?
When criminals make a cost/benefit analysis when presented with an opportunity for crime.
What is the broken windows theory?
Visible signs of crime and disorder encourage further crime.
What does military policing involve?
Police resorting to tactics such as stopping and searching to alienate community members.
What is a bulimic society according to Young?
A consumerist society that causes feelings of resentment and can lead to crime.
What is situational crime prevention?
Adaptations made in certain situations to prevent criminal acts.
Define displacement in crime.
The relocation of crime due to crime prevention initiatives.
What is environmental crime prevention?
Formal and informal measures to prevent anti-social behaviour.
What is sovereign power?
When the monarch had absolute power, asserting control through physical punishments.
What is disciplinary power?
A system of discipline seeking to govern the mind or ‘soul’.
What is the panopticon?
A disciplinary concept with a central observation tower in prison cells.
Define synoptic surveillance.
Where the public monitor each other using technology.
What is deterrence in crime control?
Punishing individuals to discourage future offending.
What does incapacitation refer to?
Preventing crime by physically restricting the criminal.
What is rehabilitation?
Ensuring the offender reforms to avoid future crime.
What is retributive justice?
Punishment that is severe and motivated by revenge.
Define restitutive justice.
Attempts to restore things to the way they were before the crime.
What is positivist victimology?
People contribute towards their own victimhood through certain characteristics.
What is critical victimology?
Examines how some social groups are structurally more at risk of crime.
What are ASBOs?
Anti-social behaviour orders to control deviant individuals.
What is penal welfarism?
Prisoners should have the right to gain opportunities for advancement.
What is target hardening?
Increasing the security of a property to deter burglary.
What is global crime?
Crime is locally based but has global connections.
What is a global risk society?
Hazards and manufactured risks affect all countries due to globalization.
Define traditional criminology.
The study of crime defined by breaking the law.
What does green criminology focus on?
An environmental harm-centered approach to crime.
What are primary green crimes?
Crimes resulting from the destruction and degradation of earth’s resources.
What are secondary green crimes?
Crimes that arise from breaking rules aimed at preventing environmental disasters.
What is an authoritarian personality?
A personality characterized by extreme obedience to authority.
Define state crime.
Activities or failures that break the state’s own criminal law or public international law.
What is transnational organized crime?
Organized crime coordinated across national borders.
What is moral panic?
Public anxiety in response to a perceived threat to moral standards.
Who are folk devils?
Individuals portrayed in media as deviant and blamed for social problems.
What is symbolization in the context of moral panic?
The demonization of symbols associated with folk devils.
What does news value refer to?
Criteria for deciding whether a story is newsworthy.
What is citizen journalism?
News collection and analysis by the general public, especially online.
Define cyber-trespass.
Hacking into a computer, database, or software.
What is the chivalry thesis?
States that women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system.
What is the class deal?
Material rewards in return for working hard.
What is the gender deal?
Women are promised rewards from family life if they conform to social expectations.
What does the liberation thesis suggest?
As women become liberated, their crimes will become as frequent as men’s.
Define hegemonic masculinity.
A dominant form of masculinity within a particular culture.
What is oppositional masculinity?
Aggressive form of masculinity adopted by males unable to achieve hegemonic masculinity.
What is canteen culture?
Shared values and prejudices developed by people in a workplace.
What is the criminal justice system?
The system involved in apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing suspected or convicted offenders.
What is the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)?
Prosecutes criminal cases investigated by police in England and Wales.
What is institutional racism?
Racial discrimination established as normal behavior within a society or organization.
Define hate crime.
A crime motivated by prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or other grounds.
