cc1 Flashcards
1
Q
what does ‘saturated’ mean?
A
a substance with only single bonds between carbons
2
Q
what does ‘unsaturated’ mean?
A
a substance with at least one double bond between carbons
3
Q
what are the main elements in a human body? (most to least)
A
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
4
Q
what are ‘organic molecules’?
A
molecules that contain both hydrogen and carbon
5
Q
what are ‘inorganic molecules’?
A
molecules that don’t contain both hydrogen and carbon
6
Q
what is a ‘polymer’?
A
long chains of repeating units (monomers)
7
Q
which elements are in carbohydrates?
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
8
Q
which elements are in lipids?
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
9
Q
which elements are in proteins?
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
10
Q
which elements are in nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, ATP?
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphate
11
Q
what ‘macronutrients’ are in the body? (most to least)
A
calcium, phosphate, magnesium, iron
12
Q
what quantity are ‘macronutrients’ needed?
A
small concentrations
13
Q
what is ‘magnesiums’ role in plants?
A
a component of chlorophyll
14
Q
what is ‘magnesiums’ role in animals?
A
enzyme function
15
Q
what is ‘irons’ role in plants?
A
growth
16
Q
what is ‘irons’ role in animals?
A
a component of haemoglobin
17
Q
what is ‘calciums’ role in plants?
A
strengthens cell walls
18
Q
what is ‘calciums’ role in animals?
A
strengthen teeth, bones and nerves
19
Q
what is ‘phosphates’ role in plants?
A
present in nucleic acids and phospholipids
20
Q
what is ‘phosphates’ role in animals?
A
present in nucleic acids and phospholipids
21
Q
which ‘micronutrients’ are in the body?
A
cobalt, copper, iodine, selenium, zinc
22
Q
what quantity are ‘micronutrients’ needed in?
A
much smaller than macro
23
Q
what is another name for ‘micronutrients’?
A
trace elements
24
Q
structure facts about water
A
simple covalent, inorganic molecule, non linear molecule, dipolar, hydrogen bonds
25
what does a 'non linear molecule' mean for water?
angle between hydrogens is less than 180 degrees
26
what does 'dipolar' mean?
there is an uneven distribution of charge across a water molecule
27
why are water molecules 'dipolar'?
oxygen is relatively negative, hydrogens are relatively positive
28
what are 'hydrogen bonds' in terms of water?
attractions between positives Hs and negative Os
29
why is water a liquid at room temp?
due to hydrogen bonding
30
why is water being a liquid at room temp significant for living things?
it is a transport medium
31
why is water a good solvent?
due to the dipolar nature of water
32
why is water being a good solvent significant for living things?
as a transport medium and reactions in cells occur in solution
33
why does water have a SHC?
due to hydrogen bonds
34
why is water having a SHC significant for living things (warm blooded)?
for mammals it makes it easier to homeostatically control body temp
35
why is water having a high SHC significant for living things (aquatic)?
aquatic habitats experience less temp fluctuations than terrestrial (land) habitats
36
what is the general formula for carbohydrates?
Cn(H2O)n
37
what is a monosaccharide?
one sugar
38
what is a disaccharide?
two sugars
39
what is a polysaccharide?
many sugars
40
what is the formula for trioses?
C3H6O3
41
what are trioses used for?
intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis
42
what is the formula for pentoses?
C5H10O5
43
what is the function of pentoses?
ribose / deoxyribose / RNA / DNA / structural roles
44
what is the formula for hexoses?
C6H12O6
45
what makes alpha glucose different to beta?
alpha glucose- C1 H is above, beta glucose- C1 H is below
46
what are alpha and beta glucose, galactose and fructose?
structural isomers
47
what is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharide units
48
what bonds are formed between monosaccharides?
glycosidic bonds
49
what is maltose made of?
two alpha glucoses
50
what is lactose made up of?
beta galactose and alpha glucose
51
what is sucrose made up of?
alpha glucose and fructose
52
what is maltose?
intermediate in starch digestion (starch to maltose to glucose)
53
what is lactose?
an energy source in milk for young mammals (suckled)
54
what is sucrose?
transported in phloem
55
how are disaccharides formed?
through a condensation reaction
56
where is the glycosidic bond formed in maltose?
OH on C1 and OH on C4 which forms water due to H2O lost
57
how are disaccharides broken down?
through a hydrolysis reaction. chemically adding water which recreates the OH groups
58
what is a polysaccharide?
chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds
59
what shape are storage polysaccharides?
folded to give a compact molecule
59
name 2 differences between monosaccharides and polysaccharides
mono= soluble and sweet, poly= insoluble and not sweet
59
what shape are structural polysaccharides?
coiled or straight chained
59
what is the function of starch?
main carbohydrate food reserve in plants
60
what is starch made up of?
amylose and amylopectin which are a-glucose monomers held together by glycosidic bonds
61
what is amylose?
linear, unbranched (1-4 glycosidic bonds)
62
what is amylopectin?
branched (1-6 linkages)
63
how are amylose coils held in place?
hydrogen bonds formed between hydroxyl groups
64
what is the properties of starch?
compact, insoluble (doesn't affect osmosis), readily converted to sugars
65
what is the function of glycogen?
storage polysaccharide, only carbohydrate store in animals
66
what is the structure of glycogen?
similar to amylopectin chemically, alpha glucose, branched, 1+4, 1+6
67
what are the properties of glycogen?
insoluble, easily converted to glucose, compact
68
what is the function of cellulose?
structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls
69
what is the structure of cellulose?
beta glucose held together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds, every other flips 180 degrees, unbranched, chains are held together by hydrogen bonds forming strong cellulose fibres- microfibril = parallel chains (bundles)
70
what are the properties of cellulose?
strong, rigid, hard to break down (humans can't digest)
71
what is the function of chitin?
structural polysaccharides in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons
72
what is the structure of chitin?
polysaccharide with amino acids added - acetylamine (contains nitrogen), beta glucose polymer (alternate 180), hydrogen bonds, form microfibrils, unbranched
73
what are the properties of chitin?
strong, lightweight, waterproof
74
what are proteins?
amino acid polymers
75
what is amino acids structure?
amino group (basic, pH>7), r group (vairable), carboxyl group (acidic, pH<7)
76
how many amino acids are there?
20
77
what is the general formula for all amino acids?
NH2CHCOOH
78
how is a dipeptide formed?
condensation reaction
79
what is the name of the bond between peptides?
peptide bond
80
how is a peptide bond broken?
hydrolysis reaction
81
what is the primary structure of proteins?
polypeptide chain, straight chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds between COOH and NH2
82
how do different polypeptides have different primary structures?
number of amino acids, type of amino acids, sequence of amino acids
83
what is the secondary structure of proteins?
folding of parts of the polypeptide chain
84
what are the two types of folding in secondary structure?
alpha helix (spirals) and beta pleated sheets
85
how are the folding in secondary structure held together?
hydrogen bonds between C=O and H-N of different peptide bonds
86
what is tertiary structure of proteins?
3D folding of the entire polypeptide chain
87
what shape is formed in tertiary structure?
compact spherical shape
88
how is the tertiary structure held together?
by bonds between r groups
89
what type of bonds are formed between r groups in tertiary structure?
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interactions
90
do all proteins have a quaternary structure?
no
91
how can a quaternary structure in proteins occur?
when there is more than 2 polypeptide chains
92
how are the polypeptide chains held together in quaternary structure?
between r groups (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interactions)
93
what type of role do fibrous proteins have?
structural
94
what type of role do globular proteins have?
metabolic
95
what are some examples of fibrous proteins?
skin, tendons, collagen
96
what are some examples of globular proteins?
haemoglobin, enzymes, hormones, antibodies
97
are fibrous proteins soluble?
no
98
are globular proteins soluble?
yes
99
are fibrous proteins stable? (affected by changes in temp or pH)
no
100
are globular proteins stable? (affected by changes in temp or pH)
no
101
what is the amino acid sequence like in fibrous proteins?
repetition of few amino acids (3 in collagen)
102
what is the amino acid sequence like in globular proteins?
irregular (not repetitive)
103
what is the structure like in fibrous proteins?
long parallel peptide chains. collagen = 3 chains (1000 aa each), form a helix > fibrils / fibres = very strong. no tertiary structure
104
what is the structure like in globular proteins?
compact spherical shape, at least tertiary, very specific shape
105
what are the 2 types of lipids?
triglycerides and phospholipids
106
how are triglycerides made?
glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> triglyceride + 3H2O
107
what elements are present in triglycerides?
CHO but less less oxygen compared to carbohydrates
108
where do fatty acids and glycerol bind?
between carboxyl group of fatty acid and OH of glycerol
109
what is the formula for glycerol?
C3H8O3 (alcohol)
110
what reaction occurs for glycerol and fatty acids to bind?
condensation
111
what is the name of the bond between glycerol and fatty acid?
ester linkage
112
what are fatty acids?
hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group, vary in length and vary in degree of saturation
113
what is the same about triglycerides and phospholipids?
glycerol, fatty acids, ester linkages
114
what is different about triglycerides and phospholipids?
P have 2 fatty acids rather than 3, P has a phosphate group
115
what is the role of phospholipids?
in cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
116
what is the structure of phospholipids?
hydrophilic head (phosphate, glycerol) and hydrophobic tails (2 fatty acids - 1 unsaturated and 1 saturated)
117
what is the test for lipids?
1- 2cm sample, approx 4cm ethanol, shake
2- new tube = 1/2 tap water
3- decant 1 into 2
118
what is a positive test for lipids?
colourless to cloudy
119
what is the test for proteins?
biuret test = biuret reagent or 1cm of NaOH with 2cm sample then 5 drops of dilute CuSO4
120
what is a positive test for proteins?
pale blue to purple
121
what is the test for starch?
add iodine
122
what is a positive test for starch?
orange-brown to blue-black (purple = weaker)
123
how do you make subjective colour tests more accurate?
use a colorimeter (darker colour = less light transmitted)
124
what is the test for reducing sugars?
benedicts (heat)
125
what is a positive test for benedicts?
blue to brick red
126
what is the test for non-reducing sugars?
add dilute HCl and sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3)
127
what is the function of lipids in energy storage?
in seeds in plants, in apidose tissues in animals, more energy released than carbs or proteins (37Kg/J vs 16 vs 17), repiration of lipids release large numbers of water (metabolic water) = energy
128
what is the function of lipids in thermal insulation?
poor conduction of heat, stored in apidose tissue to insulate, low density of fat/blubber = buoyancy
129
what is the function of lipids in electrical insulation?
in myelin sheath surrounding axon, increases speed of nerve impulses
130
what is the function of lipids in protection?
triglycerides in apidose tissue protects organs from damage
131
what is the function of lipids in waxes?
waterproof coating
132
what is the function of lipids in cholesterol?
makes membrane stronger
133
what is the function of lipids in steroid hormones?
oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone
134
a high intake of what type of fat should be avoided?
saturated fats
135
what type of fat could reduce cholesterol levels?
unsaturated
136
where are low density / high density lipoproteins made and how?
in the liver when triglycerides and cholesterol become water soluble
137
what is the function of low density lipoproteins?
pick up blood cholesterol and deposit in cells
138
what is the function of high density lipoproteins?
gather up cholesterol from cells and transport to liver for excretion
139
what does a high intake of low density lipoproteins mean?
increases the incidence of atheromas in coronary arteries (and others) which leads to blockages (reduces blood flow) and heart disease
