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cc 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a cell?

A

cells are the fundamental units of life where metabolic reactions occur

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2
Q

why can ultrastructure of a cell only be shown through electron microscope?

A

it is more detailed

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3
Q

what microscope can the ultrastructure be shown through?

A

electron microscope

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4
Q

what organelles are in the ultrastructure of an animal cell?

A

(cell) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, golgi body/apparatus, nucleus (nucleolus, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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5
Q

what organelles are in the ultrastructure of a plant cell?

A

(cell) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, golgi body/apparatus, nucleus (nucleolus, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), permanent vacuole (+tonoplast), cellulose cell wall, chloroplast, plasmodesmata

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6
Q

what units are cells and organelles measured in?

A

micrometer/micron

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7
Q

what units are molecules measured in?

A

nanometer

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8
Q

what units are tissues measured in?

A

millimetres

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9
Q

what units are larger organisms measured in?

A

metres

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10
Q

what units are ecosystems measured in?

A

kilometres

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11
Q

what are membranous organelles?

A

organelles surrounded in a membrane

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12
Q

what do membranes provide?

A

internal transport system, separation of areas from cytoplasm, a large surface area for attachment of enzymes and other reactants, ATP synthesis

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13
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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14
Q

what is ATP?

A

energy currency

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15
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

the nucleus contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

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16
Q

What is the size of the nucleus?

A

it is the largest organelle between 10-20 micrometers

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17
Q

what are the parts of a nucleus?

A

nucleolus, nucleoplasm, nuclear pores, nuclear envelope

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18
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

the nucleus is surrounded by the double membrane which separates the nucleus from the surrounding cytoplasm

19
Q

what are nuclear pores?

A

channels which let substances such as mRNA, nucleotides and rRNA move in and out the nucleus through them

20
Q

what does the outer of the two membranes (nuclear envelope) form?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

what is in nucleoplasm?

A

chromatin

22
Q

what is chromatin?

A

suspended thread-like structures

23
Q

what is chromatin made of?

A

DNA and histone proteins

24
Q

what is a nucleosome?

A

composed of a little less than two turns of DNA wrapped around a set of eight proteins called histrones

25
Q

what happens in the nucleolus?

A

the rRNA which will be made into ribosomes is synthesised here

26
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA- it will be made into ribosomes

27
Q

what is a double membrane?

A

2 membranes

28
Q

what is a double membrane?

A

2 membranes

29
Q

how many mitochondria do a typical cell have?

A

1000 some will have many more though

30
Q

what shape and size are mitochondria?

A

rod shaped and 1-10 um in length

31
Q

what is cristae?

A

inner membrane folded inwards to form projections

32
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria?

A

outer membrane, cristae, inner membrane, inter membrane space, matrix, phosphate granule, 70s ribosomes, circular DNA

33
Q

what happens in the mitochondria?

A

most of the reactions for aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

34
Q

where is most of the ATP produced?

A

on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

35
Q

what is in the organic matrix?

A

it contains chemical compounds such as protein, lipids and traces of DNA

36
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a system of parallel double membranes forming flattened sacs which extend from the nuclear membrane

37
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it is stuffed with ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis and processing. transport system

38
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it lacks of ribosomes and is the site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles among other functions

39
Q

what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

formed by rough endoplasmic reticulum pinching at the end to form small vesicles which fuse together

40
Q

what is the function of the golgi body?

A

transport and modify proteins, secrete enzymes and carbohydrates, transport and storage/transporting of lipids and form lysosomes

41
Q

what happens in the golgi?

A

vesicles containing proteins from RER fuse with golgi membrane and contents are shed into golgi sacs, contents are built into more complex molecules such as enzymes and glycoproteins, vesicles containing products / lysosomes are budded off

42
Q

how are vesicles containing products secreted outside the cell?

A

exocytosis. the vesicle fuses with cell membrane and contents are secreted to the outside of the cell

43
Q

what is the process of proteins being made to being secreted?

A

1- in the nucleus DNA codes for protein synthesis
2- mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores and goes to ribosomes on RER where the protein is synthesised.
3- vesicle carries protein to golgi and protein is shed in so it can be modified
4- a vesicle transports modified proteim to plasma membrane
5- vesicle fuses with cell membrane and protein is secreted by exocytosis

44
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

vesicles produced by golgi apparatus which contain hydrolytic/digestive enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion and phagocytosis

biology (10 decks)

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