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CB8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name two human excretory organs?

A
  1. Kidneys (Remove Urea)
  2. Lungs (Get rid of Carbon Dioxide)
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2
Q

What is a human excretory organ?

A

An organ in humans that expels waste minerals that have been produced inside an organism.

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3
Q

How do substances move in and out of parts of the body?

A

By diffusion.

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4
Q

What do the surfaces in the body have to ensure a lot of particles diffuse quickly?

A
  1. They are thin (so particles don’t have to diffuse very far)
  2. They have a large surface area (so that there is more room for particles to diffuse)
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5
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A tiny blood vessel with thin walls to allow for the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.

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6
Q

Where are capillaries found?

A

In the circulatory system.

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7
Q

How does a cell’s surface area affect the diffusion of a substance?

A

The larger a cell’s surface area, the more of a substance can diffuse into (and out of) it in a certain time. However, if a cell’s volume is too big, the cell cannot fill up with all the materials it needs quickly enough.

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8
Q

What is surface area : volume ratio?

A

Surface area / volume

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9
Q

How is surface area : volume ratio useful?

A

It shows that the bigger the ratio, the more surface area something has per unit volume. As cells get bigger, their SA:V ratio gets smaller. If the ratio gets too small, a cell cannot get enough raw materials fast enough. So, there is a limit to the size of cells.

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10
Q

Is the SA:V ratio of organs that move substances into and out of the body large or small?

A

Organs that move substances into and out of the body have large SA:V ratios.

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11
Q

Why do human lungs have very large surface area?

A

As lungs are packed with millions of alveoli, which increase the surface area and so increase the speed and amount of gas exchange.

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12
Q

Where does blood flow in the circulatory system?

A

Blood flows away from the heart into arteries.

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13
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The system that moves blood around the body.

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14
Q

How does blood return to the heart?

A

Blood returns to the heart in veins.

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15
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

It consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capilaries.

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16
Q

Where is the blood carried from the heart (detailed circulatory system)?

A
  1. To the arteries (they take blood away from the heart)
  2. They then go to capillaries tissues
  3. They then go to the veins (they start to carry blood back to the heart)
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17
Q

Describe the arteries.

A
  • It is a narrow tube
  • Thick layer of elastic and muscle fibres
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18
Q

Describe the capillaries (in tissues).

A
  • It is a very narrow tube
  • Wall is only one cell thick
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19
Q

Describe the veins.

A
  • Wide tube
  • Thin, flexible wall
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20
Q

Describe in depth the steps of the circulatory system?

A
  • With each beat, the heart squirts blood into arteries under high pressure. A wave of stretching passes along the artery walls, which you feel as a pulse.
  • After stretching, muscle and elastic fibres in the artery walls cause the arteries to contract again. The stretching and contracting of arteries makes the blood flow more smoothly.
  • Blood flows under low pressure in veins and so they only need thin walls. As you move, muscles in your skeleton help to push blood along the veins and towards the heart again.
21
Q

What are valves?

A

Flaps that prevent blood from flowing the wrong way.

22
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

In order to make sure blood only flows one way and doesn’t flow the wrong way.

23
Q

What are red blood cells packed with?

A

Red blood cells are packed with Haemoglobin.

24
Q

How are Erythrocytes adapted to their function?

A
  • They have no nucleus, so there is more space for Haemoglobin.
  • The cells are shaped like discs with a dimple on each side which allows a large SA:V ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out of.
25
Q

What are different types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Phagocytes
26
Q

What do Lymphocytes do?

A

Produces antibodies that stick to foreign cells and help to destroy them.

27
Q

What do Phagocytes do?

A

Surround foreign cells and digests them.

28
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Tiny fragments of cells that have no nuclei.

29
Q

What do Platelets do?

A

They produce substances needed to clot the blood at the site of an injury (e.g. when the skin is cut)

30
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

The red, iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells.

31
Q

Label the heart.

A
32
Q

What do impulses from the nervous system control?

A

The contraction and relaxation of muscles during each heart beat.

33
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats in a minute.

34
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat. It is measured in litres (L).

35
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute.

36
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (l/min) = Stroke volume (l/beat) x Heart rate (beats/min)

37
Q

How does the cardiac output vary between person to person?

A

Regular exercise increases the strength of heart muscles and ventricle size. So, fitter people often have bigger stroke volumes, and their hearts can beat more slowly to achieve the same cardiac output as a less fit person.

38
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose.

39
Q

What type of process is Respiration (Exothermic/Endothermic)?

A

Respiration is an exothermic reaction (a process in which energy transfer increases the temperature of the surroundings).

40
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances such as Glucose.

41
Q

Where do reactions for the process of aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria of cells.

42
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

43
Q

What does the circulatory system?

A
  • Makes sure that cells have a good supply of oxygen (taken in by the lungs) and Glucose (taken in by the small intestine)
  • Ensures that wastes are carried away from cells
44
Q

What happens to the rate of aerobic respiration during excersize?

A

During exercise, the rate of aerobic respiration increases and your muscle cells take more oxygen and glucose from the blood.

45
Q

What happens when oxygen is used up faster than it is replaced?

A

The amount of anaerobic respiration occurring in the cytoplasm of cells greatly increases.

46
Q

What is anaerobic respiration and what does it produce?

A

A type of respiration that does not need oxygen. It produces lactic acid (Glucose –> Lactic Acid)

47
Q

How does the amount of energy released from glucose vary between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration releases less energy from glucose than Aerobic respiration.

48
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration important for animals?

A

It can release bursts of energy without needing a sudden increase in oxygen supply. This is important for animals that may need to move fast and suddenly, such as when sprinting away from a predator.

49
Q

Why does heart and breathing rates remain high after exercise?

A

As extra oxygen is needed to replace the oxygen that was lost by blood and muscles. Extra oxygen is also needed to release the extra energy required to get rid of lactic acid.

Biology (9 decks)

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