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CB7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the hormonal system?

A

The collection of the glands in the body that release hormones.

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2
Q

What are some differences the nervous system and the hormonal system?

A
  1. The hormonal system works more slowly than the nervous system.
  2. The hormonal system causes responses in many parts of the body (more parts than in the nervous system)
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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body and are carried in the blood to other parts, which they affect.

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4
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

An organ that makes and releases hormones into the blood.

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5
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Adrenal gland
  4. Ovaries
  5. Testes
  6. Pancreas
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6
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

Many hormones including ACTH, FSH, LH and Growth hormone.

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7
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland release?

A

Several hormones, including Thyroxine.

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8
Q

What hormones does the adrenal gland release?

A

Several hormones, including Adrenalin.

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9
Q

What hormones do the testes release?

A

Testosterone.

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10
Q

What hormones do the ovaries release?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone.

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11
Q

What does the the pancreas contain?

A

Some cells that produce insulin and others that produce glucagon.

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12
Q

What is a target organ?

A

An organ that is affected by a specific hormone. Organs in different parts of the body may be target organs of the same hormone.

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13
Q

How does a hormone affect a target organ?

A

It affects the target organ by changing what the organ is doing. For example, growth hormone stimulates cells in muscles and bones to divide. It also stimulates the digestive system to absorb calcium ions (used to help make stronger bones).

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14
Q

How do hormones affect someone in puberty?

A

The sex hormones oestrogen and testosterone, which are released by reproductive organs, stimulate the release of growth hormone. The release of sex hormones increases during puberty, which helps to explain the increase in growth rate at this time.

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15
Q

What is ‘metabolic rate’?

A

The rate at which the energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.

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16
Q

How is resting metabolic rate measured?

A

It is measured with the body at rest, in a warm room and long after the person last had a meal.

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17
Q

Which hormone affects metabolic rate?

A

Thyroxine affects metabolic rate and it is released by the thyroid gland.

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18
Q

How does thyroxine affect metabolic rate?

A

It causes heart cells to contract more rapidly and strongly, and it also increases the rate at which proteins and carbohydrates are broken down inside cells.

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19
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A control mechanism that reacts to a change in a condition , such as temperature, by trying to bring the condition back to normal level.

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20
Q

How does negative feedback work with Thyroxine level?

A

An increase in thyroxine concentration directly causes changes that bring about a decrease in amount of thyroxine released into the blood, and vice versa.

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21
Q

What is adrenalin and how does the hormone work?

A

Adrenalin is a hormone that is released from the adrenal glands. In normal conditions, very little adrenalin is released into the blood. However, in frightening or exciting situations, an increase in impulses from neurones reaching the adrenal glands from the spinal cord triggers the release of large amounts of adrenalin into the blood.

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22
Q

What target organs does adrenalin have?

A
  1. The heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Liver
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23
Q

How does adrenalin affect the heart?

A

Heart muscle cells contract:
1. More rapidly, which increases the heart rate
2. More strongly, which increases the blood pressure

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24
Q

How does adrenalin affect the blood vessels?

A
  1. Diameter of blood vessels leading to muscles widens, which increases blood flow to muscles.
  2. Diameter of blood vessels leading to other organs narrows, which reduces blood flow to those organs and increases blood pressure.
25
Q

How does adrenalin affect the liver?

A

Liver cells change glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood, which increases blood sugar concentration.

26
Q

What response do the effects of adrenalin prepare someone for?

A

The fight-or-flight response.

27
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polymer made of glucose molecules.

28
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A cycle of changes in a woman’s reproductive system that takes about 28 days.

29
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle occur in a woman’s lifetime?

A

The cycle continues from puberty (at around 12 years) to menopause (in early 50s).

30
Q

Why does the menstrual cycle occur?

A

It prepares the woman’s body for the fertilisation of an egg cell, leading to pregnancy.

31
Q

What happens in each part of the menstrual cycle?

A

Days 1-5: This is when menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down and is lost with the unfertilised egg cell.
Day 11: This is when menstruation ends, the uterus lining starts to thicken again.
Day 14: This is when ovulation occurs. The ovary releases the egg.
Days 14-20: Fertilization leading to pregnancy is most likely.
Day 21: The uterus lining continues to thicken.
Day 23: The egg cell travels along the oviduct to the uterus.
Day 28: The cycle starts again
(Days of events may vary slightly)

32
Q

What hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

The cycle is controlled by the sex hormones Oestrogen and Progesterone, which are released by the ovaries into the blood.

33
Q

What is contraception?

A

The prevention of pregnancy by interfering with the process of ovulation.

34
Q

What are some different contraceptive methods and their % success rate?

A
  1. Male condom (98% success rate)
  2. Diaphragm or Cap (92-96% success rate)
  3. Hormone pill or implant placed under the skin (>99% success rate)
35
Q

Where are male condoms used and how does it prevent pregnancies?

A

They are placed over an erect penis, It prevents sperm from entering the vagina.

36
Q

Where are diaphragms or caps used and how do they prevent pregnancies?

A

They are placed over the cervix (entrance to the uterus), It prevents sperm in the vagina from entering the uterus.

37
Q

How do hormone pills or implants placed under the skin prevent pregnancies?

A

They release hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens mucus at the cervix, making it difficult for sperm cells to pass through.

38
Q

What are some symptoms of a period and why do they occur?

A

Many women experience symptoms before a period starts, such as abdominal pain, mood swings, breast tenderness and tiredness. These symptoms are caused by changes in hormone concentrations.

39
Q

What do FSH and LH stand for?

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone)

40
Q

Where is FSH and LH released?

A

They are released from the pituitary gland.

41
Q

What is the release of FSH and LH controlled by?

A

The release of these hormones are controlled by the concentration of oestrogen and progesterone.

42
Q

What is ART?

A

Assisted Reproductive Technology, which uses hormones and other techniques to increase the chance of pregnancy.

43
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

It is a form of therapy used to stimulate ovulation and it is useful for women who rarely or never release an egg cell during their menstrual cycles. Clomifene is a drug that helps to increase the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood.

44
Q

What is IVF and how is it effective?

A

IVF (in vitro fertilisation) can overcome problems such as blocked oviducts in the woman, or if the man produces very few healthy sperm cells.

45
Q

How is IVF carried out?

A
  1. Egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones.
  2. Egg cells released by many follicles and taken from ovary / Sperm cells taken from man.
  3. Eggs and sperm combined to allow fertilisation
  4. One or two healthy embryos placed in uterus.
46
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that decreases blood glucose concentration.

47
Q

Why is insulin important?

A

It controls the blood glucose level to ensure it doesn’t reach a very high concentration in the blood which will damage organs.

48
Q

Describe the process of controlling blood glucose in your body?

A
  1. Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine after digestion of food. The blood concentration of glucose starts to rise.
  2. The pancreas responds to high blood glucose by releasing insulin.
  3. Insulin causes liver, muscle and other cells to take up glucose and change to glycogen for storage. The blood glucose concentration then falls to normal level.
49
Q

What happens to insulin production when glucose concentration falls?

A

As blood glucose concentration falls, the insulin-releasing cells in the pancreas release less and less insulin. If blood glucose concentration falls below a certain level, the cells stop releasing insulin altogether.

50
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration falls too low?

A

If blood glucose concentration falls too low, another hormone called glucagon is released from other pancreatic cells. Glucagon causes liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose, which is released into the blood. As blood glucose concentration increases, the amount of glucagon released from the pancreas falls.

51
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone that increases blood glucose concentration.

52
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels.

53
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

When the pancreatic cells that should produce insulin do not as the cells have been destroyed by the body’s immune system. This means that they cant control rising blood glucose concentration.

54
Q

What is a treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Injecting insulin into the fat layer below the skin, where it can enter the blood, causing blood glucose concentration to fall.

55
Q

What causes Type 2 Diabetes?

A
  1. Insulin-releasing cells not producing enough insulin
  2. Target organs not responding properly to the hormone.
56
Q

What are some treatments for Type 2 Diabetes?

A
  1. Eating healthy and keeping the amount of sugar in the diet low.
  2. Being physically active.
  3. (For more severe cases) Prescribed medicines to reduce the amount of glucose that the liver releases into the blood.
57
Q

What is the correlation between body fat and type 2 diabetes?

A

Scientists think that the more fat someone has in their body, the more likely they are to develop type 2 diabetes.

58
Q

What is the general correlation between BMI and % of people with type 2 diabetes?

A

Normal: Less than 6% of people have type 2 diabetes, with men being significantly more likely to develop it.
Overweight: Less than 6.5% of people have type 2 diabetes, with around equal chance of developing it between genders.
Obese: Around 15% of people have type 2 diabetes, with around equal chance of developing it between genders.

59
Q

What are the two ways to measure the likelihood of a person developing type 2 diabetes?

A
  1. BMI (Body Mass Index)
  2. Waist:Hip Ratio

Biology (9 decks)

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