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CB2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ‘Axon’ and how it is adapted to the nervous system?

A

A long thread-like part of the nerve cell which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells (it is adapted to its function by making itself able to conduct electrical impulses)

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2
Q

Define ‘Cell Body’ and how it is adapted to the nervous system?

A

It carries genetic information and maintains the neurones structure (It is adapted to its function by determining the message to be transmitted to the other cells)

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3
Q

Define ‘Dendrite’ and how it is adapted to the nervous system?

A

It is a fine extension from a neurone which carries impulses towards the cell body (It is adapted by receiving synaptic inputs from axons).

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4
Q

Define ‘Differentiation’?

A

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes more specialized for a particular function. The cell normally changes shape to achieve this.

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5
Q

Define ‘Myelin Sheath’ and how it is adapted to the nervous system?

A

Fatty covering around the axons of many neurones (It is adapted by insulating the electrical signal)

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6
Q

Define ‘Stem Cells’?

A

They are cells that divide repeatedly over a long period of time to produce cells that then differentiate.

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7
Q

Define ‘Stimulus’?

A

Anything your body is sensitive to, including changes inside your body and in your surroundings.

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8
Q

Describe the nerve impulse pathway?

A

Sensory receptor (ears, eyes etc.) –(Sensory Neurone)–> Central Nervous System –(Motor Neurone)–> Effector (Muscles, Glands)

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9
Q

How are stem cells present in an embryo?

A

The cells of an early-stage embryo are Embryonic Stem Cells that can produce any type of specialized cell. As the cells continue to divide, the embryo starts to develop different areas that will become different organs. The Stem Cells in these areas become more limited in the types of specialized cells they can produce.

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10
Q

How can Stem Cells be used in order to treat diseases?

A

Stem Cells can treat diseases caused by damaged cells. This is done by stimulating stem cells to make them produce the specialized cells that are needed and then injecting them into the places where they are needed, replacing the damaged cells.

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11
Q

How does the central nervous system communicate with different parts of the body?

A

They use electrical signals called impulses to communicate with the rest of the body.

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12
Q

How has red blood cells adapted to become specialized?

A

They have no nucleus, allowing more space for red haemoglobin molecules (which carry oxygen)

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13
Q

How have Cytoplasms of fat cells adapted to become specialized?

A

They are filled with large fat droplets which are stored until the body needs energy.

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14
Q

How have muscle cells adapted to become specialized?

A

They contain special contractile proteins that can shorten the cell.

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15
Q

How have nerve cells (neurones) adapted to become specialized?

A

They have a long fibre that carries electrical impulses around the body and has many connections to other neurones

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16
Q

What happens in the nervous system when a person picks up the pencil?

A
  1. Impulses from receptor cells in the eye are transmitted by sensory neurones in the optic nerve to the brain. The brain processes these impulses and ‘sees’ the pencil.
  2. The brain can send more impulses to tell parts of the body to do something (the response)
  3. Muscles in the hand receive impulses and make the hand move to pick up the pencil.
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17
Q

Name three organs in the human nervous system?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
  3. Vertebra
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18
Q

Name two differences between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells?

A
  1. Embryoic stem cells can produce any type of specialized cell whereas Adult stem cells can only produce the type of specialized cell that is in the tissue around them
  2. Embryoic stem cells can divide indefinitely while Adult stem cells can’t divide indefinitely
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19
Q

Name two examples of sense organs and what they do?

A

Eyes and Skin are sense organs and they contain receptor cells that detect stimuli. For example, skin contains receptor cells that detect the stimulus of temperature change

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20
Q

Name two examples of specialized plant cells?

A
  1. Xylem Cells
  2. Root Hair Cells
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21
Q

What are some risks associated with using stem cells as treatment for cell-based diseases?

A
  1. If Stem Cells continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced damaged cells, they can cause cancer
  2. Stem Cells from one person are often killed by the immune system of other people they are put into, which is called rejection.
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22
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
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23
Q

What happens in the Prophase phase of Mitosis?

A

The nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres start to appear.

24
Q

What happens in the Metaphase phase of Mitosis?

A

The chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell.

25
Q

What happens in the Anaphase phase of Mitosis?

A

The chromosome copies are separated and moved to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres.

26
Q

What happens in the Telophase phase of Mitosis?

A

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei.

27
Q

What happens in the Cytokinesis phase of Mitosis?

A

A cell surface membrane (cell wall in plant cells) forms to separate the two cells.

28
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis and what happens in each stage?

A
  1. Prophase, the nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres start to appear
  2. Metaphase, the chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell
  3. Anaphase, the chromosome copies are separated and moved to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres
  4. Telophase, a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei
  5. Cytokinesis, a cell surface membrane (cell wall in plant cells) forms to separate the two cells.
29
Q

What cell might a dendrite receive an impulse from?

A

Receptor cells.

30
Q

What do receptor cells create?

A

They create impulses, which usually travel to the brain. The brain then processes this information and sends impulses to other parts of the body to cause a response to happen.

31
Q

What does an ‘Unspecialized’ Stem Cell mean?

A

A cell that has still has no specialized function for when they become an adult stem cell.

32
Q

What happens to stem cells once they become ‘adult’?

A

Once they are Adult Stem Cells, the stem cell can only produce the type of specialized that is in the tissue around them. The adult stem cells in human tissues allow the tissues to grow and replace old or damaged cells. (e.g. adult blood stem cells can only produce specialized blood cells)

33
Q

What is a Percentile Chart?

A

A chart to show the growth of something over the period of time by measuring it with the average % of growth of similar things.

34
Q

What is meant by ‘Interphase’ and does it occur before or after Mitosis?

A

Interphase occurs before Mitosis and is when a cell grows, replicates its chromosomes and prepares for cell division (by either Mitosis or Meiosis)

35
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

It is the main part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal chord, which controls your body.

36
Q

What is the name of the groups of cells near the end of a root?

A

They are called meristems, which divide rapidly by Mitosis. Many of the cells produced differentiate into specialized cells which have different functions.

37
Q

What is the process of impulses travelling?

A

It is called neurotransmission and happens in neurones (nerve cells). Neurones have a cell body and long extensions to carry impulses.

38
Q

Where are Stem Cells found in plants?

A

They are found in meristems (and are sometimes called meristem cells)

39
Q

What happens when the brain coordinates a response to a stimulus?

A

Impulses are sent to effectors and these carry out an action. Effectors include muscles and glands (e.g. sweat glands)

40
Q

Where do motor neurones carry impulses?

A

They carry neurones to effectors.

41
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

They are short neurones that are found in the spinal chord, where they link motor and sensory neurones. They also make up a lot of the nerve tissue in the brain.

42
Q

What are the order of neurones?

A
  1. Sensory Neurone (from the Sensory Receptor to the Central Nervous System)
  2. Relay Neurone (from the Central Nervous System to the Central Nervous System)
  3. Motor Neurone (from the Central Nervous System to the effector)
43
Q

Where is the nucleus in Sensory Neurones?

A

In the middle of the neurone (away from the axons in the middle)

44
Q

Where is the nucleus in Relay Neurones?

A

In the middle of the neurone (within the axons in the middle)

45
Q

Where is the nucleus in Motor Neurones?

A

Within the dendrites at the top of the neurone.

46
Q

What is a synapse and how is it adapted to the nervous system?

A

A gap between neurones. The synapse is adapted as it allows many neurones to connect together and to ensure electrical impulses (signals) travel in one direction.

47
Q

What happens when one neurone meets another?

A
  1. When an impulse reaches an axon terminal (at the end of a neurone), a neurotransmitter substance is released into the gap.
  2. This is detected by the next neurone, which generates a new impulse.
48
Q

Define ‘Axon Terminal’?

A

The small ‘button’ at the end of a neurone that leave an axon, which produce neurotransmitter substances.

49
Q

Define ‘Neurotransmitter’?

A

A substance that diffuses across the gap of one neurone and the next at a synapse, and triggers an impulse to be generated.

50
Q

Are synapses useful?

A

Though synapses slow down neurotransmitters, they are useful because neurotransmitters are only released from axon terminals and so impulses only flow in one direction. They also allow many fresh impulses to be generated in many neurones connected to one neurone - the original impulse does not need split and lose ‘strength’.

51
Q

Define ‘Reflex’

A

A response to a stimulus that does not require processing by the brain. The response is automatic.

52
Q

Is a reflex able to be stopped?

A

A reflex action does not go through the brain therefore the response is unmodifiable.

53
Q

Define ‘Reflex Arc’

A

A neurone pathway consisting of a sensory neurone passing impulses to a motor neurone, often via a relay neurone, which allows reflexes to occur.

54
Q

Why are reflexes used?

A

They are used as they avoid wasting time by thinking about the action as they are automatic actions, protecting the body.

55
Q

What do reflexes use in order to occur?

A

They use neurone pathways called reflex arcs, which bypass the parts of the brain involved with processing information and so are quicker than responses that need processing.

56
Q

Some DNA acts as a starting point for the transcription of a gene. Name the enzyme that binds to this DNA?

A

RNA polymerase.

Biology (9 decks)

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