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CB5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ‘Good Health’ as per the WHO?

A

It is the state of complete physical, social and mental well-being.

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2
Q

Define ‘Physical Well-being’?

A

It includes being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, getting regular activity and limiting the intake of harmful substances.

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3
Q

Define ‘Social Well-being’?

A

It includes how well you get on with other people and also how your surroundings affect you.

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4
Q

Define ‘Mental Well-being’?

A

It includes how you feel about yourself.

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5
Q

What is meant by a ‘correlation’ between two factors?

A

A relationship between two factors meaning if one factor changes, so does the other.

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6
Q

What is a disease?

A

A problem with a structure or process in the body that is not the result of injury.

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7
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Harmful microorganisms that cause diseases.

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8
Q

Define ‘Communicable Diseases’?

A

Diseases that are caused by pathogens.

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9
Q

Name one difference between communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases can be passed from an infected person to other people whereas Non-communicable diseases can’t be passed from person to person.

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10
Q

What causes Non-communicable diseases to occur?

A

They are caused by a problem in the body, such as a fault in the genes or as a result of our lifestyle.

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11
Q

What are some examples of Communicable diseases?

A
  1. Covid-19
  2. Chickenpox
  3. Mumps
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12
Q

What are some examples of Non-communicable diseases?

A
  1. Alzheimers Disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Epilepsy
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13
Q

What are some causes of correlations between diseases?

A
  1. If one disease damages the immune system, it makes it easier for other pathogens to cause more diseases to attack the body.
  2. A disease may damage the body’s natural barriers and defences, allowing pathogens to get into the body more easily.
  3. A disease stops an organ system from working effectively, making other diseases more likely to occur.
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14
Q

What are the different types of Non-communicable diseases?

A
  1. Inherited diseases (Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s disease etc.)
  2. Lifestyle diseases (Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes etc.)
  3. Deficiency disease (Scurvy, Rickets etc.)
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15
Q

What is a deficiency disease?

A

An illness that occurs due to insufficient supplies of an essential dietary requirement.

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16
Q

What deficiency disease is caused from a lack of Vitamin C, What are its symptoms and What are good sources of it in diet?

A
  1. Scurvy
  2. Swelling and bleeding gums, Muscle and joint pain, Tiredness
  3. Citrus fruits, Some vegetables
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17
Q

What deficiency disease is caused from a lack of Protein, What are its symptoms and What are good sources of it in diet?

A
  1. Kwashiorkor
  2. Enlarged belly, Small muscles, Failure to grow properly
  3. Meat, Fish, Dairy, Eggs
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18
Q

What deficiency disease is caused from a lack of Vitamin D/Calcium, What are its symptoms and What are good sources of it in diet?

A
  1. Rickets/Osteomalacia
  2. Soft bones, Curved leg bones
  3. Vitamin D: Oily Fish, Calcium: Dairy Products
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19
Q

What deficiency disease is caused from a lack of Iron, What are its symptoms and What are good sources of it in diet?

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Red blood cells that are smaller than normal and in a reduced number, Tiredness
  3. Red meat, Dark green leafy vegetables, Egg yolk
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20
Q

What are some short term effects of alcohol on an individual?

A
  1. Slurred speech
  2. Judgements are impaired
  3. Slower reaction time
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21
Q

What are some short term effects of alcohol on a society?

A
  1. Increase in car accidents
  2. Increase in bar fights
  3. Increase in street violence and anti-social behaviour
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22
Q

What are some long term effects of alcohol on an individual?

A
  1. High blood pressure
  2. Liver disease
  3. Stroke
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23
Q

What are some long term effects of alcohol on a society?

A
  1. Increase in work place accidents
  2. More strain in hospitals due to liver problems
  3. Areas become unsafe
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24
Q

What is Obesity?

A

A condition in which someone is overweight for their height and have a BMI above 30

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25
Q

Why is a large amount of fat bad for the human body?

A

We need some fat to cushion organs, store some vitamins etc. however too much fat can increase the risk of many diseases.

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26
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

It is a disease in which the heart or circulatory system does not function properly. One sign of this is high blood pressure, which can lead to a heart attack.

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27
Q

What does Body Mass Index measure?

A

It is used to predict a measurement of how much fat is in your body proportionate to your height and if this is healthy.

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28
Q

What is the formula for BMI (Body Mass Index)?

A

BMI= mass/heightˆ2 (BMI = kg/m2)

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29
Q

What are some modifiable factors for Cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Stress
  3. Lack of Physical Activity
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30
Q

What are some non-modifiable factors for Cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Diabetes 1
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31
Q

How does smoking increase your chances of Cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Substances from tabacco smoke damage the artery lining
  2. Fat builds up in the artery wall at the site of damage, making the artery narrower
  3. A blood clot may block the artery where it is at its most narrowest, or break off and block an artery in another part of the body - causing a heart attack or stroke
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32
Q

What is better for measuring fat for Cardiovascular disease, BMI or Waist:hip ratio and why?

A

The fat that is most closely linked with cardiovascular disease is abdominal fat, therefore waist:hip ratio gives a better method of measuring abdominal fat than BMI.

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33
Q

What is the formula for the waist to hip ratio formula?

A

Waist:Hip Ratio= Waist circumference/Hip circumference

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34
Q

What harmful things can tabacco do to your body?

A
  1. Damage blood vessels
  2. Increase blood pressure
  3. Make blood vessels narrower
  4. Increase the risk of blood clots forming in blood vessels
    All of the above can lead to Cardiovascular disease.
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35
Q

How does high blood pressure increase cardiovascular disease?

A

High blood pressure increases the heart’s workload, causing the heart muscle to thicken and become stiffer. This stiffening of the heart muscle is not normal and causes the heart to function abnormally, causing cardiovascular disease.

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36
Q

What are three methods of treatment for cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Change of Lifestyle methods
  2. Life-long medication
  3. Surgery (Stents and bypass)
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37
Q

How does a stent make a narrowed blood vessel widen?

A

It can be widened by inserting a small mesh tube (stent) at the narrowest part to hold it open.

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38
Q

How does a bypass help combat the issue of blocked arteries?

A

Blocked arteries can be bypassed by inserting other blood vessels so that the heart tissue is supplied with oxygen and nutrients again.

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39
Q

What is the name of the Pathogen associated with HIV, The symptoms of it and how can it be treated?

A
  1. Treponema Pallidum
  2. Being more vulnerable to other infections/diseases
  3. Antiretroviral medicines
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40
Q

What is the name of the Pathogen associated with Chalara Dieback (Ash), The symptoms of it and how can it be treated?

A
  1. Chalara
  2. Lesions on tree trunks and leaves
  3. No treatment
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41
Q

What is the name of the Pathogen associated with Malaria, The symptoms of it and how can it be treated?

A
  1. Plasmodium
  2. Fever
  3. Prescription drugs
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42
Q

What is a symptom of Cholera?

A

Severe Diarrhoea.

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43
Q

How did Koch prove that Cholera was bacterial?

A

Koch showed that the bacterium was always found in the diarrhoea from people with cholera but not in the diarrhoea from those with other diseases.

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44
Q

What bacterium is causes Tuberculosis and what does it do?

A

It is called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and it infects and damages the lungs, resulting in blood-specked mucus after coughing, fever and weight loss.

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45
Q

Are Cholera and Tuberculosis communicable diseases or non-communicable diseases?

A

They are both communicable diseases and the humans that they infect are their ‘hosts’.

46
Q

Why are viruses not true organisms?

A

As they do not have a cellular structure.

47
Q

How do viruses multiply?

A

By infecting a cell and taking over the cell’s DNA-copying processes to make new viruses.

48
Q

How is HIV harmful to the body?

A

It attacks and destroys white blood cells in the immune system, making their immune system more prone to infection of other diseases such as AIDS.

49
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

50
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus.

51
Q

What is a negative effect of Helicobacter Pylori on humans?

A

They cause ulcers, which are sore areas where the bacteria attacks the stomach lining.

52
Q

What is Helicobacter Pylori?

A

A bacteria that 50% of people have in their stomachs.

53
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A
  1. They can spread in the air
  2. They can spread in water
  3. They can spread in food/water you consume
  4. They can spread through broken skin or the eyes, nose and mouth
  5. Using vectors
54
Q

How are pathogens of colds, flu and Tuberculosis spread?

A

These infections cause a person to sneeze or cough which sends droplets containing pathogens into the air.

55
Q

How long can flu viruses survive in the air?

A

About a day.

56
Q

How long can Tuberculosis survive in the air?

A

For months.

57
Q

Why is cholera only found in developing countries?

A

As in developed countries, the water used for drinking, cooking and washing is treated to kill pathogens.

58
Q

What is good hygiene?

A

Keeping things clean to remove or kill pathogens.

59
Q

When do outbreaks of diseases (such as cholera) occur?

A

They occur when hygiene is difficult and good hygiene is rarely enforced, such as in very poor areas, after major environmental disasters, or in refugee camps.

60
Q

What is the oral route?

A

When pathogens of the digestive system spread by entering the body through the mouth.

61
Q

How do Helicobacter bacteria spread?

A

When people touch other people’s food after touching their mouths, after going to the toilet (oral-faecal transmission), or when the feet of flies that have fed on infected faeces land on food.

62
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time.

63
Q

Why do normal cleaning practices, such as cleaning hands not prevent the spread of Ebola?

A

As ebola easily enters people’s bodies through broken skin or the eyes, nose and mouth therefore other, more effective methods need to be taken in order to prevent ebola.

64
Q

How do Malaria protists spread?

A

Malaria protists are carried in blood by mosquitoes that sucked blood from an infected person. The mosquito then injects the protist directly into the next person as it feeds on.

65
Q

What are vectors?

A

Organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next.

66
Q

How would you stop pathogens spreading via vectors?

A

Controlling the spread of the pathogen may involve controlling the spread of the vector.

67
Q

What physical barrier does the body have against pathogens?

A

The skin, which can only be crossed by pathogens when there is a wound in the skin or when an animal vector pierces the skin.

68
Q

What chemical defence does the body have against pathogens?

A

Lysozyme, which breaks down the cell walls of some pathogens.

69
Q

What is a Lysozyme?

A

An enzyme produced in tears, saliva and mucus that damages pathogens.

70
Q

What is a physical barrier?

A

A structure that stops something from entering a certain area.

71
Q

What is a chemical defence?

A

The use of chemical compounds to defend against attacks.

72
Q

Where are Lysozymes secreted (created)?

A

They’re secreted in tears (from the eyes), Saliva (In the mouth) and in Mucus.

73
Q

How do Lysozymes help in mucus?

A

They help to protect the thinner surfaces of the body.

74
Q

What is Mucus and how does it help against Pathogens?

A

It is a sticky secretion produced by cells lining the many openings, such as mouth and nose, that pathogens can use to enter the body. Dust and pathogens get trapped in the mucus.

75
Q

What are ciliated cells?

A

They are specialised cells that move substances such as mucus across their surfaces.

76
Q

How do ciliated cells help against pathogens?

A

They help to carry dust and pathogens away, either out of the body or into the throat, where they enter the digestive system.

77
Q

What is another name for oesophagus?

A

The Gullet.

78
Q

How does the stomach help against pathogens?

A

Some of the cell lining the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid, reducing the pH of the stomach contents to about 2. At this acidity, many pathogens are destroyed.

79
Q

What type of bacteria is adapted to survive in the stomach?

A

Only a few types of bacteria, such as Helicobacter Pylori are adapted to survive in the stomach.

80
Q

What type of natural defences does the reproductive system have against STD/STI’s?

A
  1. Lysozyme in vaginal fluid
  2. Lysozyme in mucus
81
Q

What are sexually transmitted infections?

A

Pathogens that are usually transmitted through sexual activity.

82
Q

What are some STI’s?

A
  1. The HIV Virus
  2. Chlamydia bacterium
83
Q

How are STI’s spread?

A

They can be spread by contact with sexual fluids (semen or vaginal fluid)

84
Q

How can the spread of STI’s be reduced/prevented?

A

They can be reduced/prevented by avoiding direct contact with sexual fluids, such as by using a condom as an artificial barrier during sexual intercourse.

85
Q

How might STI’s be harmful in the future?

A

They may also be passed from a pregnant mother to her unborn baby, which can harm the baby.

86
Q

How can HIV be transmitted?

A
  1. Through sexual intercourse
  2. In blood (by sharing needles when injecting drugs)
87
Q

What is Screening and why is it useful for STI’s?

A

It is tests on samples of body fluids to check if people have a STI, and they are useful as it helps identify an infection so that people can be treated for the disease.

88
Q

What are antigens?

A

A protein on the surface of a cell.

89
Q

What are antigens used for?

A

The immune system uses antigens to identify if something inside the body is a cell of the body or has come from outside.

90
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.

91
Q

How does the immune system attack a pathogen?

A
  1. Pathogens have antigens on their surface that are unique to them
  2. A lymphocyte with an antibody that perfectly fits the pathogen is activated
  3. This lymphocyte divides over and over again to produce clones of identical lymphocytes
  4. Some of the lymphocytes secrete large amounts of antibodies. The antibodies stick to the antigens and destroy the pathogen. Other lymphocytes remain in the blood memory lymphocytes, ready to respond immediately if the same antigen ever turns up again
92
Q

Define ‘Immune’?

A

When a person does not fall ill after infection because their immune system attacks and destroys the pathogen quickly.

93
Q

What is a secondary response?

A

The way in which the immune system responds on the second occasion that a particular pathogen enters the body.

94
Q

Why is the response to an infection faster in a second response?

A

As there are memory lymphocytes that remain in the blood that remembers that type of pathogen and causes a much faster response to the infection the second time, making you immune to the pathogen.

95
Q

Why must a vaccine be kept at the same tempurature?

A

As the antibodies of the vaccine work by matching their shape with the shape of the antigen, just as enzymes do with the substrates. This means that if the temperature was to change, the antigen shape will change too, triggering an immune response that will not protect against the pathogen.

96
Q

What is a memory lymphocyte

A

A lymphocyte that remains in the blood for a long time after an infection or vaccination.

97
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A substance containing dead or weakened pathogens which is introduced into the body to make a person immune to that pathogen.

98
Q

What is penicillin?

A

The first kind of antibiotic that was extracted from a mould.

99
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes, which stops them from growing or reproducing.

100
Q

What are antibiotics useful for?

A

Attacking bacterial infections that the immune system cannot control.

101
Q

What is an issue with using antibiotics?

A

Many kinds of bacteria are evolving resistance, so they are no longer harmed by the antibiotic.

102
Q

What are the stages of developing a new medicine?

A
  1. Pre-clinical trials
  2. Animal trials
  3. Phase 1 clinical trials
  4. Phase 2 clinical trials
  5. Phase 3 clinical trials
103
Q

What/Who is being tested in pre-clinical trials and what is the purpose of this phase?

A
  1. Cells and tissues
  2. To show if the medicine can successfully enter cells
104
Q

What/Who is being tested in animal trials and what is the purpose of this phase?

A
  1. Animals
  2. To see how it works in the whole body without the risk to humans
105
Q

What/Who is being tested in phase 1 clinical trials and what is the purpose of this phase?

A
  1. Healthy humans
  2. Finding out the dosage amount and how the antibiotic works in the body
106
Q

What/Who is being tested in phase 2 clinical trials and what is the purpose of this phase?

A
  1. Sick humans (small sample size) with the disease they are aiming to treat
  2. Further testing on dosage amount and how to maximize benefits
107
Q

What/Who is being tested in phase 3 clinical trials and what is the purpose of this phase?

A
  1. Sick humans (large sample size) with the disease they are aiming to treat
  2. To finally decide wether the drug is effective and safe
108
Q

Why must a new medicine pass all the trials before being prescribed?

A

To decide on factors such as dosage amount and to ensure that the medicine does not damage the body once inserted.

109
Q

What is a zone of inhibition?

A

An area on a Petri dish where bacteria are unable to grow, due to presence of a drug that impedes their growth.

110
Q

What is the difference between antiseptics and antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics are injested/injected into the body whereas Antiseptics are applied onto your skin (it doesn’t enter your body)

Biology (9 decks)

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