CB I

Question 1

Cellular Constituents

Answer 1

• Organelles
• Inclusions
• Cytosol

Question 2

Fatty Liver - is reversible

Answer 2

• Excessive accumulation of lipid was due to injury by alcohol
• Hepatocytes have a signet ring appearance as fat displaces the nucleus to the cell’s periphery
• Can also be non alcoholic fatty liver

Question 3

Carotene

Answer 3

• Fat soluble orange colored pigment found in carrots, squash, and sweet potatoes
• Responsible for yellow/orange color of white fat
• Carotenemia, reversible condition

Question 4

Anthracosis

Answer 4

• Accumulation of carbon particles in lungs + regional lymph nodes
• Not a harmful condition
• Inhaled dust, macrophages in the lungs phagocytize the dust

Question 5

Tattoo pigments

Answer 5

• Macrophages of dermis store the pigment

- dye becomes permanent in this location via endocytosis of macrophages

Question 6

Henosidein - iron storage pigment

Answer 6

• Increase deposition of hemosiderin in tissues + organs is termed hemosiderosis
• Hemosidosis = increase absorption of iron in diet, impaired use of iron by the body, hemolytic anemias, transfusions
• Hemochromatosis - more severe accumulation of iron due to genetic defect resulting in excessive iron absorption or transfusion
• Hemosiderosis = benign condition
• Hemochromatosis will cause damage
• Hemosiderin + congestive heart failure - macrophages (heart failure cells)

Question 7

Bilirubin

Answer 7

• Elevated in liver + bilary disease
• Increase in bilirubin leads to Icterus/Jaundice
  Yellow, brown pigment
• Skin + sclera appear yellow

Question 8

Endogenous forms of melanin location

Answer 8

• Supranuclear location of melanin is located here to protect genetic apparatus from sunlight + radiation
  - [For Eumelanin] - Brownish coloration
  - Acts as a shield against UV rays

Question 9

Endogenous forms of melanin Pheomelanin

Answer 9

• Responsible for red hair color

- Not protective against UV rays

Question 10

Lipofucin - Lipochrome pigment, cardiac muscle cell

Answer 10

• Yellow, brown, insoluble pigment
• Wear + tear
• Polymer of lipids + phospholipids complexed with proteins
• Accumulation is a measure of oxidative stress
• Accumulates in lung liver cells [cardiomyocytes + nerons] aging pigment

Question 11

Nuclear Inclusion - CMV inclusion body

Answer 11

• Hepatocyte with large intranuclear inclusion body (dark blue)
• Surrounded by a clear halo
• Dark punctiform inclusions are also seen into the cytoplasm
• H+E stain

Question 12

Plasmalemma

Answer 12

• selective passage, small mcls can just go right through
• lipid bilayer
• proteins [integral and peripheral]
• trilaminar appearance
• heads are polar can interact with stuff
• tails are nonpolar
• cholesterol between heads and tails which helps to stabilize the lipid bilayer

Question 13

lipid bilayer

Answer 13

phospholipids
glycolipids
cholesterol

Question 14

cellular constituents

Answer 14

organelles
inclusions
cytoplasmic matrix/cytosol

Question 15

organelles

Answer 15

• structural elements that confer functional attributes to the cell
• membranous and non membranous organelles

Question 16

cytoplasm

Answer 16

part of the cell external to the nucleus, suspends organelles and inclusions

Question 17

cytoplasmic matrix

Answer 17

portion of cytoplasm devoid of organelles and inclusions

Question 18

inclusions

Answer 18

non-living entities found in cytoplasm and nucleus, characterized as stored food, pigments, or crystalline , not membrane bound

Question 19

stored foods

Answer 19

[inclusion]
-glycogen: liver and striated muscle cells, PAS reaction

-fat lipid droplets: adipocytes, hepatocytes, muscle, steroid secreting cells, accumulation in lipid storage diseases and fatty liver

Question 20

McArdle Disease

Answer 20

glycogen storage disease
defect in muscle phosphorylase
accumulations of glycogen in sarcolemma
cramping, exercise intolerance, elevated myoglobin

Question 21

pigments

Answer 21

exogenous
endogenous
bilirubin
melanin
lipofuscin

Question 22

exogenous pigments

Answer 22

• carotene: fat soluble pigment, yellow orange color, carotinemia
• inhaled dust particles: macrophages phagocyotize the dust
• tattoo pigments stored in macrophages

Question 23

anthracosis

Answer 23

accumulation of carbon particles in the lungs and regional lymph nodes, harmless condition

Question 24

endogenous pigments

Answer 24

• hemoglobin: cyanosis and myoglobin

- hemosiderin: iron containing pigment, brown, found in macrophages of spleen and liver

Question 25

Hemosiderosis

Answer 25

increased deposition of hemosiderin in tissues and organs , seen with increased absorption of iron in diet, impaired use of iron by the body, hemolytic anemias

Question 26

Hemachromatosis

Answer 26

more severe accumulation of iron due to a genetic defect resulting in excessive iron absorption or transfusion

Question 27

bilirubin

Answer 27

yellow brown pigment
elevated in liver and biiary disease
skin and sclera are yellow= Jaundice/Icterus

Question 28

Eumelanin

Answer 28

type of melanin
located in the epidermins and pigment layer of retina
increased production in response to UV radiation and addisons disease due to increase in ACTH

Question 29

Neuromelanin

Answer 29

type of melanin
black brown pigment found in neurons and substantia niagra
neuroprotective function
depigmentation of dopamingergic cells in Parkinsons

Question 30

Pheomelanin

Answer 30

type of melanin
red pigment
is NOT protective against UV radiation

Question 31

lipofuscin

Answer 31

brown-yellow pigment, wear & tear, aging pigment
accumulates in long lived cells like neurons and cardiac & skeletal muscle cells
accumulation measure cellular stress

Question 32

crystalline inclusions

Answer 32

found in Leydig and Sertoli cells

• crystal of Reinke [leydig]
• crystal of Charcot-Bottcher [sertoli]