Causes

Question 1

Causes of Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 1

Anti-arrhythmic drugs: Digoxin, Amiodarone
Excessive coffee intake
Systemic hypertension
Coronary artery disease
Pneumonia
Hyperthyroidism
Atrial myxoma

Question 2

Cause of Canon V wave on JVP

Answer 2

Tricuspid Regurgitation- Also causes loss of X descent because ventricular contraction leads to increased pressure in right atrium

Question 3

Differentiating between Venous and arterial pulsations (JVP vs Carotid)

Answer 3

• Venous pulse not palpable
• Venous pulse is obliterated by finger pressure on the vessel
• Venous pulse changes with respiration and posture
• Venous pulse rises transiently with pressure on the abdomen(abdominal jugular reflex) or liver (hepatojugular reflex)
• Venous pulse has two peaks per heart beat while there’s only one arterial peak per heart beat in sinus rhythm
• Rapid outward movement in the carotid while there are repaid inward movement in the jugular vein
• Carotid pulsation are not affected by pressure at the root of the neck but jugular vein pulsations are reduced by pressure at the root of the neck

Question 4

Cause of absent A wave on JVP

Answer 4

Atrial Fibrillation

Question 5

Cause of Prominent(Large) A wave

Answer 5

As seen in conditions which restrict blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle.
Pulmonary HPT
Pulmonary stenosis
Right atrial hypertrophy
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Tricuspid stenosis (rare)