Causal Relationships

Question 1

What is a causal model?

Answer 1

Identifies RL between variables with idea that variation in one variable produces or causes variation in another.

Question 2

What are the three conditions of causality?

Answer 2

1) Covariation
2) Temporal order/precedence
3) Control for third variables

Question 3

What is a simple main effect?

Answer 3

Effect of focal independent variable at a given level of a moderator variable.

Question 4

What is causal realism?

Answer 4

View that casuation is a structual feature of reality.

Power is independent of the mind and of observers.

Supervene upon substrate of existence that gives it causal powers.

Question 5

What is a direct causal relationship?

Answer 5

Given cause is assumed to have direct causal impact on outcome.

Question 6

What is indirect causal RL?

Answer 6

Variable influences another through an intermediary (moderator).

Question 7

What is a spurious causal RL?

Answer 7

Two variables SHARE a cause but neither causes the other.

Question 8

Whati s a moderated causal RL?

Answer 8

Causal RL between two varaibles differ based on the value of the third-moderator (simple main effect).

Question 9

What is a bidirectional causal RL?

Answer 9

Two variables influence EACH OTHER.

Question 10

What is an endogenous variable?

Answer 10

Arrow pointing INTO it.

Question 11

What is an exogenous variable?

Answer 11

Arrow pointing OUT of it.

Question 12

What is a contemporaneous effect?

Answer 12

Effect of X on Y within same given time period.

Question 13

What is autoregressive effect?

Answer 13

Variable at one time will influence itself at another..

Question 14

What is a lagged effect?

Answer 14

Delayed response of a dependent variable to a change in the independent variable.

Question 15

What is a disturbance term?

Answer 15

All variable that influence y other than X and Z (only endogenous V have these).

Question 16

What is a latent variable?

Answer 16

Not observed but inferred through other variables.

Question 17

Give an example of a directional hypothesis.

Answer 17

Higher perceived fear of COVID will lead to less utilization of HC services in one month.

Question 18

Give an example of a non-directional hypothesis.

Answer 18

There will be a RL between level of perceived fear and number of healthcare visits in one month.

Question 19

Give an example of a non-directional hypothesis with categorical IV and continuous DV.

Answer 19

There will be a difference between Black and White people in the number of days they take off to stay home due to COVID.

Question 20

Give an example of a directional hypothesis with continuous DV and categorical IV.

Answer 20

Lower self-efficacy of quitting smoking will be associated with lower attempts to quit smoking within the past 12 months.

Question 21

What is a problem statement?

Answer 21

Concise description of an issue to be addressed or a condition to be improved upon.

Question 22

Give an example of a problem statement.

Answer 22

Youth use e-cigarettes at an alarming rate, enough so that the Surgeon General dubbed youth e-cigarette use as an “epidemic”.

Question 23

What is the basic RL in this model?

Answer 23

Youth who are stressed are more likely to use e-cigarettes because of psychoactive outcome expectancies, such as stress relief.

Question 24

What is the conceptual definition here?

Answer 24

Produce an aerosol by heating liquid that usually contains nicotine. The additive drug in regular cigarette, cigars, and other tobacco products (flavor) that help to make the product. Users inhale this aerosol into their lungs.

Question 25

What are subdimensions of the definition?

Answer 25

Frequency of use
Type of use
Outcome expectencies

Question 26

Give an operational definition of a subdimension.

Answer 26

Frequency:

Number of times individual has used an e-cigarette within the past 30 days.

Question 27

What is a non-directional hypothesis with this problem statement?

Answer 27

Youth with lower perceived stress use will have a different leve of e-cigarette used compared to youth with higher perceived stress.

Question 28

What is a directional hypotehsis with this problem statement?

Answer 28

The higher the perceived stress, the higher the frequency of e-cigarette use.