Cattle Nutrition and Repro

Question 1

The largest compartment of the stomach. It mixes and ferments food.

Answer 1

Rumen

Question 2

This portion of the stomach sorts solids and liquids. It has a characteristic honeycomb pattern. Solids are regurgitated and liquids pass through.

Answer 2

Reticulum

Question 3

This compartment of the stomach absorbs water and minerals as it breaks down food

Answer 3

Omasum

Question 4

This is the “True Stomach” in cattle. It digests food with enzymes.

Answer 4

Abomasum

Question 5

How many gallons of water are required to produce one gallon od milk?

Answer 5

3 - 5 gallons of water

Question 6

What is the finishing weight for a beef steer?

Answer 6

1000 - 1250 lbs

Question 7

What is the finishing weight for a beef heifer?

Answer 7

900 - 1050 lbs

Question 8

Method of dairy cow milking in which cows go up ramp and file in on a slant to be milked, staff stands below-easy access to udder

Answer 8

Herringbone

Question 9

Method of dairy cow milking that resembles a merry go round, can milk lots of cows in a short time

Answer 9

Rotary

Question 10

This phase of lactation is stimulated when a cow gives birth and is about 6 weeks long. Disease is very common at this time - milk fever, DAs, retained placentas, etc.

Answer 10

Phase 1

Question 11

This phase of lactation lasts about 12 weeks and is considered peak lactation.

Answer 11

Phase 2

Question 12

This is the longest phase of lactation post peak lactation. It lasts up until the cow is considered “dry”.

Answer 12

Phase 3

Question 13

This is considered the dry phase 6 - 8 weeks before the birth of another calf.

Answer 13

Phase 4

Question 14

What does it mean to pasteurize milk?

Answer 14

Heating and cooling to remove bacteria

Question 15

What does it mean to homogenize milk?

Answer 15

To break down fat and prevent cream

Question 16

The process of adding things (such as vitamins) to milk

Answer 16

Fortify

Question 17

This process separates, clarifies, and standardized milk

Answer 17

Centrifugation

Question 18

Cows are ___ estrus.

Answer 18

Year round poly estrus

Question 19

Cows cycle every ___ days and have a gestation of ___ days.

Answer 19

21 and 283 (276 - 295)

Question 20

During this stage of parturition the cow is restless, and in preparation, trying to get calf in to head dive position, up to 6 hours

Answer 20

Stage 1

Question 21

During this stage of parturition the water breaks, the calf is born, and it can take 4-8 hours, placenta detaches slowly-fetus can survive inside for hours after water breaks

Answer 21

Stage 2

Question 22

Passage of placenta and fetal membranes, can take 4-12 hours, up to 3 days

Answer 22

Stage 3

Question 23

A cow exhibits the following symptom: Excessive straining, Abnormal fetal position is present, No placenta/fetal membranes are passed. She is experiencing ___

Answer 23

Dystocia

Question 24

___ is the biggest problem in neonate cattle.

Answer 24

Hypothermia

Question 25

Calves should be standing and nursing within ___ hours after birth

Answer 25

1 - 4

Question 26

Beef calves stay with their mother for ___ months after birth.

Answer 26

6 - 7

Question 27

Dairy calves are separated from their mothers at birth. They must be bottle fed ___ of milk within the first ___ hours of life.

Answer 27

4L and 12 hours

Question 28

___ is a problem in claves when blood glucose levels drop below 90-120 mg/dl. This can happen both quickly or over a few hours. Tx involves administering dextrose.

Answer 28

Hypoglycemia

Question 29

Most clinicians will agree it is best to fast ruminants ___ hours before a procedure.

Answer 29

12

Question 30

Drugs decrease gi motility during anesthesia, which increases the chance for ___

Answer 30

Bloat

Question 31

This drug is toxic in cattle at 13 mg/kg, but is the most commonly used during anesthesia because it is the most inexpensive and least toxic

Answer 31

Lidocaine

Question 32

This local block is used for distal limb blocks primarily to allow for a regional block.

Answer 32

Bier Block

Question 33

field block in the shape of an inverted L, desensitizes the flank for standing laparotomies

Answer 33

L Block

Question 34

This is a local block in which anesthetic is placed in spinal nerves (T13, L1, L2) to anesthetize all layers of the flank

Answer 34

Paravertebral Block

Question 35

This local block is for dehorning surgery, desensitizes cornual nerve-runs from the orbit to base of horn

Answer 35

Corneal Nerve block

Question 36

This local block is when drug is placed in epidural space, provides no feeling in anus, perineum, vulva, etc.

Answer 36

Epidural Block

Question 37

___ anesthesia is required when Technical/anatomical aspects are not possible or pain cannot be controlled with local anesthetics and sedatives/tranquilizers

Answer 37

General

Question 38

___ is the biggest concern when it comes to ruminants and anesthesia

Answer 38

Regurgitation and aspiration

Question 39

Regurgitation and aspiration can be avoided in ruminants by ___

Answer 39

Fasting for 12-24 hours Keeping them in sternal recumbency Using a cuffed endotracheal tube and try not to roll animal while under anesthesia

Question 40

___ is a common complication from anesthesia in which drugs decrease GI motility but fermentation continues, causing gas to press on the diaphragm and cause hypoventilation. It is best to have an producen tube ready

Answer 40

Bloat

Question 41

___ is caused by the size and weight of GI organs compressing the lungs and diaphragm during anesthesia. It is best to have a ventilator ready.

Answer 41

Hypoventilation

Question 42

When heavy body weight causes blood vessels to have difficulty delivering blood to certain areas of muscle-gluteals, triceps, masseters, quadriceps - causing myopathies during anesthesia, this is called ___

Answer 42

Compartment Syndrome

Question 43

To avoid compartment syndrome, it is best to ___

Answer 43

Decrease anesthetic time Use lots of padding Stagger limbs Decrease carbohydrates in diet before surgery-seen higher incidence

Question 44

Ruminants should be kept in ___ lateral recumbency if needed during surgery in order to decrease pressure on the rumen.

Answer 44

Right

Question 45

In ruminants, the cuff should be ___ during extubation.

Answer 45

Partially inflated

Question 46

During anesthesia, ruminants head should be kept ___ to avoid aspiration. Equipment to treat ___ should be readily available.

Answer 46

Down, bloat

Question 47

T or F: Anesthesia is always required when neutering a bull.

Answer 47

False - Young animals may not be able to metabolize all drugs. Pain from anesthetics and stress from restraint makes it all that much more difficult and painful.

Question 48

This method of castration requires an incision to expose and remove the testicles. The incision is left open to heal by second intention.

Answer 48

Open Castration

Question 49

This method of castration require no incision - Instead there are multiple tools that can be used.

Answer 49

Closed Castration

Question 50

This instrument punctures the scrotum and is then pulled through to create an opening to the testicles. It has a knife portion to it.

Answer 50

Newberry Castration Knife

Question 51

This instrument is used similar to the Newberry Castration Knife and provides extra hemostasis. The spermatic cord is crimped and then the scrotum is cut.

Answer 51

Emasculator

Question 52

This device is used in closed castrations and is considered "bloodless". It crushes the spermatic cord through the skin. Thr scrotum stays intact and the testicles atrophy inside.

Answer 52

Emasculatome

Question 53

This closed castration method is used in very young animals <150 pounds. Each testicle is injected with “castration solution” a solution containing a chemical that gradually destroys the testicle and has some local anesthetic in it. Takes 60-90 days to complete

Answer 53

Chemical Castration

Question 54

This closed castration tool is used in young animals and may take about 2 -3 weeks. A rubber band is placed around the base of the scrotum cutting off blood supply and causing testicles to necrose and slough. Animals are very prone to infection.

Answer 54

Elastrator

Question 55

The removal of an animal's horns is called ___

Answer 55

Cornuectomy

Question 56

This dehorning instrument is used for animals with small/medium horns. The two long handles spread apart and “scoop” the horn and base in 1 piece.

Answer 56

Barnes dehorner

Question 57

This dehorning instrument is called a ___ dehorner and is used on animals with larger horns

Answer 57

Keystone

Question 58

This dehorner is twisted in a circular motion to cut away horn and base. Bleeding is minimal. This is used for very small developing horns.

Answer 58

Tube or Spoon Dehorner

Question 59

Using a chemical paste to cauterize the epithelium that eventually generates the horn and is usually done in days 3-7 of life is called ___

Answer 59

Chemical Cautery

Question 60

Open circle shaped iron is heated and the tip is centered over the horn bud in a rocking motion Kills the bud all the way to the corium.

Answer 60

Heat cautery

Question 61

In older animals with horns, dehorning requires ___ removal. This usually requires a saw or gigli wire

Answer 61

Surgical

Question 62

Removing just the tips of the horn is called ___

Answer 62

TIpping