Cattle Nutrition and Repro Flashcards
The largest compartment of the stomach. It mixes and ferments food.
Rumen
This portion of the stomach sorts solids and liquids. It has a characteristic honeycomb pattern. Solids are regurgitated and liquids pass through.
Reticulum
This compartment of the stomach absorbs water and minerals as it breaks down food
Omasum
This is the “True Stomach” in cattle. It digests food with enzymes.
Abomasum
How many gallons of water are required to produce one gallon od milk?
3 - 5 gallons of water
What is the finishing weight for a beef steer?
1000 - 1250 lbs
What is the finishing weight for a beef heifer?
900 - 1050 lbs
Method of dairy cow milking in which cows go up ramp and file in on a slant to be milked, staff stands below-easy access to udder
Herringbone
Method of dairy cow milking that resembles a merry go round, can milk lots of cows in a short time
Rotary
This phase of lactation is stimulated when a cow gives birth and is about 6 weeks long. Disease is very common at this time - milk fever, DAs, retained placentas, etc.
Phase 1
This phase of lactation lasts about 12 weeks and is considered peak lactation.
Phase 2
This is the longest phase of lactation post peak lactation. It lasts up until the cow is considered “dry”.
Phase 3
This is considered the dry phase 6 - 8 weeks before the birth of another calf.
Phase 4
What does it mean to pasteurize milk?
Heating and cooling to remove bacteria
What does it mean to homogenize milk?
To break down fat and prevent cream
The process of adding things (such as vitamins) to milk
Fortify
This process separates, clarifies, and standardized milk
Centrifugation
Cows are ___ estrus.
Year round poly estrus
Cows cycle every ___ days and have a gestation of ___ days.
21 and 283 (276 - 295)
During this stage of parturition the cow is restless, and in preparation, trying to get calf in to head dive position, up to 6 hours
Stage 1
During this stage of parturition the water breaks, the calf is born, and it can take 4-8 hours, placenta detaches slowly-fetus can survive inside for hours after water breaks
Stage 2
Passage of placenta and fetal membranes, can take 4-12 hours, up to 3 days
Stage 3
A cow exhibits the following symptom: Excessive straining, Abnormal fetal position is present, No placenta/fetal membranes are passed. She is experiencing ___
Dystocia
___ is the biggest problem in neonate cattle.
Hypothermia
Calves should be standing and nursing within ___ hours after birth
1 - 4
Beef calves stay with their mother for ___ months after birth.
6 - 7
Dairy calves are separated from their mothers at birth. They must be bottle fed ___ of milk within the first ___ hours of life.
4L and 12 hours
___ is a problem in claves when blood glucose levels drop below 90-120 mg/dl. This can happen both quickly or over a few hours. Tx involves administering dextrose.
Hypoglycemia
Most clinicians will agree it is best to fast ruminants ___ hours before a procedure.
12
Drugs decrease gi motility during anesthesia, which increases the chance for ___
Bloat
This drug is toxic in cattle at 13 mg/kg, but is the most commonly used during anesthesia because it is the most inexpensive and least toxic
Lidocaine
This local block is used for distal limb blocks primarily to allow for a regional block.
Bier Block
field block in the shape of an inverted L, desensitizes the flank for standing laparotomies
L Block
This is a local block in which anesthetic is placed in spinal nerves (T13, L1, L2) to anesthetize all layers of the flank
Paravertebral Block
This local block is for dehorning surgery, desensitizes cornual nerve-runs from the orbit to base of horn
Corneal Nerve block
This local block is when drug is placed in epidural space, provides no feeling in anus, perineum, vulva, etc.
Epidural Block
___ anesthesia is required when Technical/anatomical aspects are not possible or pain cannot be controlled with local anesthetics and sedatives/tranquilizers
General
___ is the biggest concern when it comes to ruminants and anesthesia
Regurgitation and aspiration
Regurgitation and aspiration can be avoided in ruminants by ___
Fasting for 12-24 hours
Keeping them in sternal recumbency
Using a cuffed endotracheal tube and try not to roll animal while under anesthesia
___ is a common complication from anesthesia in which drugs decrease GI motility but fermentation continues, causing gas to press on the diaphragm and cause hypoventilation. It is best to have an producen tube ready
Bloat
___ is caused by the size and weight of GI organs compressing the lungs and diaphragm during anesthesia. It is best to have a ventilator ready.
Hypoventilation
When heavy body weight causes blood vessels to have difficulty delivering blood to certain areas of muscle-gluteals, triceps, masseters, quadriceps - causing myopathies during anesthesia, this is called ___
Compartment Syndrome
To avoid compartment syndrome, it is best to ___
Decrease anesthetic time
Use lots of padding
Stagger limbs
Decrease carbohydrates in diet before surgery-seen higher incidence
Ruminants should be kept in ___ lateral recumbency if needed during surgery in order to decrease pressure on the rumen.
Right
In ruminants, the cuff should be ___ during extubation.
Partially inflated
During anesthesia, ruminants head should be kept ___ to avoid aspiration. Equipment to treat ___ should be readily available.
Down, bloat
T or F: Anesthesia is always required when neutering a bull.
False - Young animals may not be able to metabolize all drugs. Pain from anesthetics and stress from restraint makes it all that much more difficult and painful.
This method of castration requires an incision to expose and remove the testicles. The incision is left open to heal by second intention.
Open Castration
This method of castration require no incision - Instead there are multiple tools that can be used.
Closed Castration
This instrument punctures the scrotum and is then pulled through to create an opening to the testicles. It has a knife portion to it.
Newberry Castration Knife
This instrument is used similar to the Newberry Castration Knife and provides extra hemostasis. The spermatic cord is crimped and then the scrotum is cut.
Emasculator
This device is used in closed castrations and is considered “bloodless”. It crushes the spermatic cord through the skin. Thr scrotum stays intact and the testicles atrophy inside.
Emasculatome
This closed castration method is used in very young animals <150 pounds. Each testicle is injected with “castration solution” a solution containing a chemical that gradually destroys the testicle and has some local anesthetic in it. Takes 60-90 days to complete
Chemical Castration
This closed castration tool is used in young animals and may take about 2 -3 weeks. A rubber band is placed around the base of the scrotum cutting off blood supply and causing testicles to necrose and slough. Animals are very prone to infection.
Elastrator
The removal of an animal’s horns is called ___
Cornuectomy
This dehorning instrument is used for animals with small/medium horns. The two long handles spread apart and “scoop” the horn and base in 1 piece.
Barnes dehorner
This dehorning instrument is called a ___ dehorner and is used on animals with larger horns
Keystone
This dehorner is twisted in a circular motion to cut away horn and base. Bleeding is minimal. This is used for very small developing horns.
Tube or Spoon Dehorner
Using a chemical paste to cauterize the epithelium that eventually generates the horn and is usually done in days 3-7 of life is called ___
Chemical Cautery
Open circle shaped iron is heated and the tip is centered over the horn bud in a rocking motion
Kills the bud all the way to the corium.
Heat cautery
In older animals with horns, dehorning requires ___ removal. This usually requires a saw or gigli wire
Surgical
Removing just the tips of the horn is called ___
TIpping
