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RUSVM Large Animal Surgery > Castration/Epididymectomy/Cryto > Flashcards

Castration/Epididymectomy/Cryto Flashcards

1
Q

What is the indication for castration in horses?

A

Behavior change (1-1 1/2 years)

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2
Q

What are indications for castration of farm animals

A

Increased growth rate

Better meat flavor (boars)

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3
Q

When do we want to castrate farm animals

A

10-14days

Less complications
Less pain
No meat taint

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4
Q

What are complications fo emasculation with the Brudizzo emasculator?

A

Scrotal sloughing
Slips
Clamping of penis

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5
Q

What type of emasculator has a clamp with a second handle for cutting ?

A

Reimer emasculator

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6
Q

For castration, how do you make your incision into the scrotum?

A

Cut the distal 1/3rd of scrotum (should be done in less than 3 cuts)

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7
Q

Doing a closed castration, prior to ligation the spermatic cord, what do you do to visualize the cord and this will also allow for more secure ligatures?

A

Use gauze to strip connective tissue toward the inguinal ring

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8
Q

T/F: in a closed castration, you incise into the vaginal tunic

A

False

Inside the parietal tunic, but vaginal tunic remains intact

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9
Q

After lighting the spermatic cord in closed castration, you place the emasculator ________cm from the ligature and clamp it for ____mins

A

1cm
5mins

Remember to always place “nut to nut”

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10
Q

T/F: When doing an open castration you incise through both the parietal and vaginal tunic

A

True

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11
Q

What structures can you visualize in the spermatic cord when doing an open castrations?

A

Plexus pampiniformis with testicular artery
Ductus deferens
Cremaster muscle

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12
Q

T/F: you should always do a double ligation for castrations to ensure ligature security

A

False

Double ligation increase risk of infection

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13
Q

What is the purpose of vasectomy/epididymectomy?

A

Allows detection of females in estrus to be bred by males or greater genetic material

Makes the males infertile and prevents ventricle diseases

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14
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Removal of ductus deferens for male infertility

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15
Q

How do you preform a vasectomy?

A

Local line block with lidocaine

Incision made on neck of scrotum lateral to median raphe

Isolation of vas deferens and spermatic vessels
Blunt dissect spermatic chord and incise tunic

Direct vas deferens from veins and arteries

Ligate vas deferens at a distal and proximal location and remove tissue

Always submit tissue for histopath to confirm correct removal

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16
Q

What is an epididymectomy?

A

Removal of the tail of the epididymis

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17
Q

What is the procedure of an epididymectomy?

A

Incision over the epididymis into the parietal tunic
Vaginal tunic left intact

Blunt dissect testicular liagment

Ligation of the ductus deferens and body of the epididymis

Cut and check for hemorrhage

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18
Q

How is a penis/prepuce deviation done?

A

Incision into skin around preputial orfice and then down midline to the base of the penis.

A skin incision is make laterally and sponge forceps are used to make a sub cuteanous tunnel

A sterile sleeve is placed through the new opening and SQ tunnel ad the penis is directed through this and pulled through the new opening

Prepuce is sutured into the new location and the ventral midline Incision in closed

19
Q

What procedure can be done to help prevent urolithiasis in sheep?

A

Removal of the urethral process

OR

Urethrostomy

20
Q

What structures make up the inguinal canal?

A

Internal ring : vaginal ring (rectus sheath, border of internal abdominal oblique, and inguinal ligament)

External : slit in external abdominal oblique M

21
Q

At birth the testis of a foal are located ?

A

In inguinal canal

Descend into scrotum at 1-2weeks

22
Q

What muscle is responsible for pulling the retroperitoneally located testes into the scrotum?

A

Gubernaculum m

23
Q

What do you call an anomaly of testicular position?

A

Cryptorchidism

24
Q

What are the types of cryptorchidism?

A 
Inguinal 
Abdominal 
Incomplete abdominal (partially in inguinal ring)
25
Q

T/F: right sided cryptorchidism is more common than left sided

A

False

Left>right

26
Q

What are etiologies of cryptorchidism?

A

Improper fxn of gubernaculum

Inguinal ring too small

Hormone imbalance (estrogen shortage) 
Hereditary
27
Q

What clinical signs can indicate cryptorchidism? And how can you diagnose?

A

Stallion like behaviour

Palpation (external —rectal)

Ultrasound (external —rectal)

Laparoscopic

Hormonal assay

28
Q

How is a hormonal assay done to assess for cryptorchidism?

A

Collect blood (base line testosterone )

Inject 10,000 units of hCG (increases synthesis of testosterone)

Collect 2 hours and then 1-2days later

Gelding < 40pg/mL
Cryto >100pg/mL

29
Q

Treatment for cryptorchidism?

A

May take up to 1 yr for testis to descend (w/o treatment)

1000IU hCG per 100 Pd 2x weed for 4 weeks
Surgery (orchiopexy)
—> standing (laparoscopic)
—> GA dorsal recumbency (most common)

30
Q

What approaches can you use when doing a crytorchidectomy under GA?

A

Inguinal approach

Para-inguinal

Suprapubic paramedian

Flank (lat recumbency)

31
Q

When doing a cryptorcidectomy, which testicle should you remove first?

A

Always remove the retained testicle first

If you cannot find the retained testicle abort procedure and leave the descended testicle in place. Then refer

32
Q

What is the best method to locating an abdominally retained testicle?

A

Find the gubernaculum (attaches cranial-medial to the external inguinal ring)

Can grasp gubernaculum with sponge forceps evert vaginal process, incise the vaginal process then extract the retained testicle

33
Q

Is an open or closed castrations done on a cryptorchid testicle?

A

Open or closed !

34
Q

What aftercare do you provide following cryptorchidectomy?

A

Horse should be standing before leaving

Tetanus immunization

NSAIDs

Stall rest one day

Forced exercise 2x daily
Observe for bleeding/swelling

Isolate form mares for two days

Antibiotics ? Routine use not needed

35
Q

What complications can occur from castration in equine?

A

Swelling
Hemorrhage

Schirrous cord formation

Hydrocele

Evisceration

Peritonitis

Continued masculine behaviour

Iatogenic penile trauma
Penile paralysis
Anesthetic accidents

36
Q

T/F: edema is normal 3-6days post op cryptorchidectomy

A

True

37
Q

What are causes of excessive edema post op from cryptorchidectomy?

A

Inadequate wound drainage
Inadequate post ope exercise
Poor lymphatic drainage
Excessive surgical trauma

38
Q

You have a pulsing stream of blood from the scrotum. What has happened? How do you fix it?

A

Slipped ligature on testicular artery

Clamp vessel
Pack with gauze 24hrs

Drugs? Not really useful

Blood transfusion
IV fluids

39
Q

What causes scirrhous cord formation?

A

Infection
Foreign body (non-absorbable suture)
Poor tech quite, inadequate exercise/drainage

40
Q

Clinical signs of scirrhous cord formation ?

A

Repeated drainage for weeks, months or years

Champaign (strep infection)

Must be treated with surgical removal

41
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Fluid filled, painless swelling

Fluid from vaginal tunic

42
Q

How can you treat a hydrocele?

A

Drain

Remove vaginal tunic surgically
Cauterize tunic chemically (steroid/atropine)?

43
Q

Continued masculine behavior is is caused by?

A

Retention of epidermal tissue (surgically repair) “proud cut”

OR

Psychic cause (castrated at old age) “false rigs”

44
Q

T/F: castrated horses may still be fertile for up to three weeks after surgery

A

True

RUSVM Large Animal Surgery (18 decks)

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