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Small Animal Surgery > Castration > Flashcards

Castration Flashcards

1
Q

Surgical removal of both testes = Castration

What are the other terms use?

A

Orchiectomy or Orchidectomy

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2
Q

What are the indications for Canine castration?

A
  • Sterilization - reduce animal pop
  • Elimination of Male characteristics - less likely in older patients
  • Tx for other Disease -prostatic dz
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3
Q

What Dz’s can castration be a Tx for?

A
  • Prostatic - itis, abscess/cyst, hypertrophy
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Perineal hernia
  • Testicular torsion/abscess
  • Urethral obstruction →as part of a scrotal urethrostomy (cats mainly) →partial amputation of penis
  • Scrotal/Testicular trama
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Scrotal & inguinal hernias
  • Neoplasia - testicular, scrotal, perianal gland adenoma
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4
Q

What are the 4 surgical approaches to canine castration?

A
  • Prescrotal
  • Scrotal Ablation- remove scrotum & testes
  • Perineal (caudal)
  • Scrotal
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5
Q

Which surigcal approach to canine castration is most recommended?

How does it heal?

A

Prescrotal

1st intention

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6
Q

What 2 surgical approaches to canine castration are not recommended?

How do they heal?

A
  • Perineal (caudal) & Scrotal
  • 2nd intention
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7
Q

What are the 2 surgical approaches to feline castration?

A

Scrotal - heals by 2nd intention Scrotal ablation - done with perineal urethrostomy

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8
Q

Why do we not do prescrotal castration in cats?

A

The cat penis points caudally, no room for prescrotal incision

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9
Q

What Sx approach is used in routine elective K9 castrations?

A

Prescrotal

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10
Q

In canine castration, when is scrotal ablation done?

A

During Castration

because of: Scrotal/testicular neoplasm, trauma or pendulous scrotum

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11
Q

When is the inguinal or abdominal Sx approach used in canine castration?

A

Cryptorchidism

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12
Q

When is the perineal/scrotal Sx approach used in canine castration?

A

to avoid repositioning the patient when in perineal position

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13
Q

What are 4 main things to be aware of with Sx prep for canine castration?

A
  • Aseptic technique
  • Clip hair carefully
  • Avoid rough scrubbing
  • Chlorhexidine prep
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14
Q

What are 3 main things to be aware of with Sx prep for feline castration?

A
  • Usually “clean” procedure
  • Pluck hair from scrotum →easier & causes less trama
  • Chlorhexidine prep
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15
Q

What is a closed castration?

Pros?

Cons?

A
  • Parietal tunic NOT incised
  • Pro →may reduce surgical time & risk of abdominal infection
  • Con → less secure ligations
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16
Q

What is an open castration?

Pros?

Cons?

A
  • Parietal vaginal tunic IS incised
  • Pro → more secure ligations
  • Con →communication w/ abdominal cavity
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17
Q

What are the 4 goals of castration?

A
  • Complete removal of testicles
  • Secure ligatures
  • NO POST OP BLEEDING
  • Avoid hematomas at incision site & scrotum
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18
Q

Closed Canine castration techniques?

A
  1. Drape & make incision
  2. Tent skin, push testicle forward, stretch skin & cut w/ pencil grip
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Cut through spermatic fascia and push testicle through opening.
  5. Pull testicle up and break scrotal ligament then strip down to remove fat & SQ tissue
  6. 3 clamp technique (we should know this)
  7. Check for bleeders & push ligated pedicle back into abdomen with forceps
  8. do it again with the other teste starting @ #4
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19
Q

Open Canine castration technique?

A
  1. Same as closed up through 4
  2. Incise parietal tunic (dont cut tunica albugenia)
  3. Open window btwn parietal tunic/cremaster mm & vas defrens/artery & vein
  4. Strip vaginal tunic as far down to incision
  5. 3 clamp technique
  6. push ligated pedicle into vaginal tunic and tuck it back into the abdomen
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20
Q

How do you close a Canine castration?

A
  1. Make a bite on the midline ventral to penis (dont get the retractor penis mm or urethra!)
  2. Spermatic fascia & SQ picked up together to close dead space
  3. Simple interrupted pattern
21
Q

Post operative Care of Canine castrations?

A
  • Apply cold pack for 10-15min
  • E-collar ASAP
  • Restrict exercise for 1 week
22
Q

Complications of canine castration?

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Scrotal irritation/brusing from prep
  • Scrotal hematoma - NEVER ignore bleeders
  • Infection
23
Q

Are complications from castration more prevalent in dogs or cats?

A

Dogs

24
Q

How long after Sx can scrotal hematoma occur?

A

3-5 days

25
Q

What type of incision do you use in scrotal ablasion castration?

A

Elliptical incision around the neck of the scrotum

26
Q

Why is it important to remove cryptorchid testes?

A

Can turn into neoplastic testicle

27
Q

In a cryptorchid castration, which testicle should be removed first?

A

The retained one 1st, then the descended teste

28
Q

Why should you remove the retained testicle first?

A

Always do the “cleanest” procedure first!

29
Q

What are the 3 types of testicular neoplasia?

A
  • Sertoli cell tumor
  • Seminoma
  • Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
30
Q

How common is testicular neoplasia in Dogs and Cats?

A
  • Dogs →Very common
  • Cats → very rare
31
Q

Are testicular neoplasias malignant or benign?

A

Malignant - but rarely metastisize

(often cured by castration)

32
Q

What should you send to the pahtologist with testicular neoplasia?

A

The entire testicle

33
Q

How many types of neoplasia can occur in a single testicle?

A

All 3!

34
Q

Being Cryptorchid increases the chance of testicular neoplasia by how much?

A

14x overall (all types)

23x for Sertoli cell tumors

35
Q

What testicular tumor type may secrete estrogen?

A

Sertoli cell tumors

36
Q

What do you do if the tumor invades the testicle?

A

Scrotal ablasion - send it all to the pathologist

37
Q

How to DX testicular neoplasia?

(4)

A
  • Palpation
  • Ultrasound
  • X-rays
  • Paraneoplastic syndrome presence
38
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Hyperstrogenism associated with sertoli cell tumor

39
Q

What are the 5 signs of hyperestrogenism?

A
  • Alopecia
  • Gynecomastia
  • Testicular Atrophy
  • Penile Atrophy
  • Pendulous Prepuce
40
Q

What is a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

Congenital anomaly

Uterus + testicle → send to pathologist

41
Q

What are the indications for feline castration?

A
  • Sterilization
  • Urethral obstruction (part of perineal urethrostomy)
  • Testicular/Scrotal trauma
  • Elimination of Male characteristics
42
Q

If you neuter a male cat, will it reduce the urine smell?

A

Only if done at a young age before smell gets bad

43
Q

Describe the surgical technique for a feline castration.

A
  1. pluck hair from scrotum & scrub
  2. Scrotal Incision(s)
  3. Open or closed technique
  4. Place caudal traction on testicle until scrotal ligament breaks
  5. Ligation
  6. Replace pedicles into scrotal sac
  7. Let incisions heal by 2nd intention
44
Q

What are the techniques for ligation of pedicles in cat castration?

A
  • Separate ductus deferens & tie vessels (2 square knots)
  • Absorbable suture or hemoclip
  • Overhand technique
    • Make knot as close to scrotum as possible
45
Q

What is the post op care for feline castration?

A

Use shredded paper or unpopped corn for litter

46
Q

What does chemical castration do to the testes?

A

Causes Sclerosis of the testes

47
Q

What is chemical castration?

A

Injection of Zinc gluconate neutralized with L-arginine

“Zueterin”

48
Q

Who is chemical castration labeled for use in?

A

3-10 m. old male dogs

49
Q

Off label use of chemical castration?

A

Adult dogs and cats

Small Animal Surgery (10 decks)

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