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TUI Cadet Programme 2024 > Case study prep. > Flashcards

Case study prep. Flashcards

1
Q

What does METAR stand for?

A

Meteorological Aerodrome Report.

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2
Q

How do pilots from all around the world understand METARs?

A

The format is standardized by the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), throughout the whole world.

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3
Q

What do METARs contain information on?

A

They contain information on the current weather conditions of the facility releasing the report.

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4
Q

Explain when METARs are released.

A

Released according to a regular schedule unless sudden or exceptional weather changes occur.

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5
Q

What does TAF stand for?

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.

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6
Q

In simple terms, what is a TAF?

A

A report released by airports.

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7
Q

What does a TAF provide?

A

A summary of the weather forecast for the area covered by five statute miles from the location of the airport.

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8
Q

How long is a TAF valid for? How frequently are they updated?

A

12, 24, or 30 hour time periods, typically updated 4 times a day.

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9
Q

Explain the difference between a METAR and a TAF.

A

A METAR pertains to (is related to) current weather conditions, while a TAF details forecasted weather for the next 12 to 30 hours.

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10
Q

What is the benefit of reporting weather in a METAR?

A

METARs are highly abbreviated and therefore quick to transmit.

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11
Q

What does SPECI mean?

A

An abbreviation that identifies unscheduled reports which contain unusual weather conditions.

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12
Q

What is the name for the ICAO code contained in METARs?

A

Station code. The station from which the report has been issued. Each station has a unique code.

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13
Q

What time zone do METARs use?

A

GMT (greenwich mean time) / Zulu / UTC (coordinated universal time).

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14
Q

How is wind depicted in a METAR?

A

First three digits indicate the bearing from which the wind is blowing.
Remaining digits indicate the wind strength in knots.

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15
Q

What may be added to the end of the wind representation in a METAR?

A

“G”, followed by digits. This indicates the presence and strength of any gusts.

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16
Q

What is the unit “knot”.

A

One nautical mile per hour.

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17
Q

What does a visibility of 9999 portray?

A

Visibility in excess of 10km.

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18
Q

How is visibility measured in certain parts of the world.

A

In USA for example, statute miles.
Written as “xSM”, where x is the number of statute miles of visibility.

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19
Q

What do the prefixes “ “ (nothing), “-“, and “+”, indicate?

A

” “ (nothing) indicates “moderate” precipitation.
“-“ indicates light precipitation.
“+” indicates heavy precipitation.

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20
Q

List 4 descriptors.

A

MI = shallow
SH = showers
TS = thunderstorms
BC = patches

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21
Q

List 4 forms of precipitation.

A

DZ = drizzle
RA = rain
GR = hail
PL = ice pellets

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22
Q

List 4 obscurations.

A

BR = mist
FG = fog
HZ = haze
FU = smoke

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23
Q

What do the abbreviations “TCU” and “CB” mean?

A

“TCU” = towering cumulous
“CB” = cumulonimbus, commonly associated with thunderstorms

24
Q

How is cloud base depicted?

A

In 100s of feet.

25
Q

How is cloud coverage measured?

A

OKTAS, or eigths.

26
Q

What does CAVOK mean?

A

Visibility greater than 10km

No CB or TCU and no cloud below 5000’

No significant weather

27
Q

List the codes for different cloud coverage and explain the meaning and specify the coverage in fractions and OKTAS.

A

SKC or CLR = sky clear

FEW = few. 1/8 to 2/8 of the sky covered. 1 to 2 OKTAS.

SCT = scattered. 3/8 to 4/8 of the sky covered. 3 to 4 OKTAS.

BKN = broken. 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky covered. 5 to 7 OKTAS.

OVC = overcast. Total coverage.

28
Q

What is the dewpoint?

A

The temperature at which moisture starts to condense.

29
Q

How is a negative temperature depicted?

A

There is an “M” before the digits.

30
Q

What does the “Q”, followed by digits, represent? Why is it important?

A

Current atmospheric pressure at sea level.
Expressed in hPa (hectopascals).
In USA, pressure is expressed in inHg, inches of mercury.
Important for the calibration of aircraft altimeters.

31
Q

What is a trend forecast? When is the period of validity?

A

Concise statement of expected significant changes in meteorological conditions at that aerodrome.
The period of validity of the specified trend is 2 hours from the time of the report.

32
Q

Explain two types of trend forecast.

A

BECMG = becoming group. Used for a gradual change in conditions, expected over a longer time period, usually 2 hours. Gradual change will start at an unspecified time within the time period given.

TEMPO = temporary group. In the two hours following the release of the report there will be temporary… (could also contain a timeframe, which specifies exactly when these TEMPO conditions are expected).
Used for any changes in wind, visibility, weather, or sky condition which are expected to last generally less than an hour at a time, or if recurring, the total occurrence will be less than half the time period during which the TEMPO conditions are expected.

33
Q

What is a TAF?

A

A concise statement of the expected meteorological conditions at an Airport during a specific time period and is very similar to a METAR, using the same weather codes.

34
Q

What is a SIGMET?

A

An inflight advisory for significant meteorological hazards.

35
Q

What are the internationally recognised SIGMETs? (11)

A

Volcanic ash (VA)
Tropical cyclone (TC)
Other enroute phenomena which may consist of thunderstorm activity, turbulence, mountain waves, icing/sleet/hail, dust/sandstorm, radioactive cloud.

36
Q

How long are SIGMETs valid for?

A

4 hours, unless related to a hurricane, where they’re valid for 6 hours.

37
Q

What does “FM”, followed by digits depict? When do they terminate?

A

A from group. Used when a rapid change, usually occurring in less than one hour, in prevailing conditions, is expected.
Digits show when the details of the from group start acting, and they terminate until the next change group or the end of the current forecast.

38
Q

When is PROB40 used, and what does it mean?

A

PROB40 is used when the chance of thunderstorms or precipitation is between 30% and 49%.
The figure following the PROB is the percentage chance of the event occurring.

39
Q

Cruise Cost Index

A

This number is entered into the aeroplane Flight Management Computer and is the ratio of the time-related cost of an aeroplane operation and the cost of fuel.

40
Q

Fuel Bias

A

Each aeroplane consumes fuel at a slightly different rate, and this figure reflects that.

41
Q

Applicable ETOPS Rule

A

Extended range Twin Operations approval permits TUI Airways to operate as far as 180 minutes flying time from a suitable airport.

42
Q

SELCAL Code

A

SELCAL is a signalling method which can alert an individual aircraft that a ground station wishes to communicate with it, often used when out of VHF radio range.

43
Q

Payload

A

Number of passengers is always annotated in the order male/female/children.

44
Q

Crew Composition

A

The number of pilots/cabin crew.

45
Q

Catering Code

A

The aircraft catering varies according to destination and is allocated a particular code.

46
Q

Trip Fuel (and time)

A

Trip Fuel includes:

Fuel for take-off and climb taking into account the expected departure routing.

Fuel for cruise including any enroute climbs.

Fuel for descent taking into account the expected arrival procedure.

Fuel for an approach and landing at the destination aerodrome.

47
Q

Contingency fuel

A

Carried in case of deviations from the expected fuel consumption data, deviations from forecast meteorological conditions and deviations from planned routings and/or cruising altitudes. Normally calculated as a percentage of the planned trip fuel.

48
Q

First alternate fuel

A

Alternate fuel includes:

Fuel for a missed approach at the destination aerodrome.

Fuel for climb, cruise, and descent to the alternate aerodrome, accounting for the expected routing.

Fuel for executing an approach at the alternate aerodrome.

49
Q

Final reserve fuel (and time)

A

Fuel required to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1500feet above aerodrome elevation.

50
Q

Required block fuel

A

Sum of taxi fuel, trip fuel, contingency fuel, alternate fuel, and final reserve fuel. Normally the fuel an aeroplane will dispatch with unless the commander deems it necessary to carry more.

51
Q

Extra fuel

A

Taken at the discretion of the commander.

52
Q

Dry operating weight

A

Total weight of the aircraft with no fuel, passengers, cargo, or baggage. Does include crew, crew baggage, and catering.

53
Q

Payload

A

Total weight of the passengers, baggage, and cargo.

TUI Airways standard weights for long-haul operations: Male 83kg, Female 69kg, Child 35kg, Baggage 17kg per bag.

54
Q

Zero fuel weight

A

Total weight of the aeroplane and all its contents minus the total weight of the usable fuel onboard.

55
Q

Cost index comparison

A

If an alternative cost index is programmed into the Flight Management Computer, this is the resultant gain/loss in fuel consumption and flight time.

56
Q

Trip fuel comparison

A

In the event that the actual weight of the aeroplane is different to the planned weight, this indicates the associated gain/loss in fuel consumption.

TUI Cadet Programme 2024 (6 decks)

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