Case Study: HPV Flashcards
What does HPV stand for and what virus is it ?
Human Papilloma Virus is a DNA virus
How many types of HPV viruses are there?
Over 100
Where does HPV infection occur?
Infects epithelial basal cells via micro-abrasians by receptor mediated or clathrin coated endocytosis
How does HPV cause infection?
Inserts DNA into host cells and codes for 10-200 viral genomes
HPV is a common STI, How can HPV be spread?
Vaginal
Anal
Oral sex
Skin-Skin contact
How long does it take for symptom to occur?
Most infections do not cause symptoms and are naturally cleared by the body within two years
How long does it take for HPV infection to develop?
10-20 years to develop cancer.
What is the most common form of HPV-associated cancer amongst women?
Cervical cancer
What is the most common form of HPV-associated cancer amongst men?
Oropharyngeal cancer(cancer of the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils)
State the Cancers and % Association with HPV
Cervical 90% Anal 90% Vulval 70% Oropharnyx 70% Penile 60%
What numbers are the High Risk types for cervical cancer
16 18 31 33 45
Type 16 and 18 cause what % of cancerns in the cervic?
70% - biggest age weighted loss of life
How does HPV cause cancer?
Cancer is caused by affecting the p53 Protein which is a Tumor supressor protein. If DNA is damaged the p52 can activate DNA repair proteins and stop cell growth by prevention cell cycle to S phase
How is cancer caused?
Uncontrolled cell division
How does HPV cause cancer?
- HPV contains genes E6 and E7 that act as oncogenes.
- Cancer occurs when these genes accidentally becomes integrated in a cells DNA
- E6 genes produces the E6 protein that binds and to and inactivates p53. E6 also promotes the degradation of p53
- Without active p53 cell division is unctrolled hence a cancer
What are HPV and Cancer Risk Factors?
Smoking
Co-infection with HIV or hepatitis
- Depressed immune system for other reasons
How can HPV be prevented?
- Condoms can reduces infection but skin to skin contract can still mean it is transmitted
- Vacinations
What kind of Vaccine are there for this and what ages?
Cervarix - Girls 9-26 for HPV 16 and 18 which cause cancer
Gardasil - Girls and Boys 9-26 years of age. Saves 6,11 and 16,18
Gardasil 9 - Girls, Boys ages 9-15. Causes 16,18,31,33,45,52,58
What are the side effects to the vaccination?
A headache Dizziness Aching muscles Redness and soreness around the site of the injection Slightly raised temperature Feeling and being sick stomach pain Diarrohea Itching and a skin rash
Why are vaccinations not that high
Due to the moral impact of vaccinating children against a sexually transmitted disease and of adverse side effects have meant that uptake of the vaccination is not as high as it should be to create herd immunity.
Lack of education is also an issue
Is HPV Vacinations Safe?
Based off evidence both HPV vaccines are safe
Extra key points:
Screening and vaccinations are reducing rates of cervical cancer.
- Oral cancer are increasing.
- Vaccination would complement screening programmes and eventually reduce need and cost of screening
To achieve herd immunity in men high vaccination rates in men and women needed
