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Physical Geography > Case study for natural hazards term 1 > Flashcards

Case study for natural hazards term 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nepal earthquake general facts

A

25th April 2015,
Magnitude 7.8 richer scale, caused due to pressure at the Indian/Eurasian destructive plate boundaries (both continental)

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2
Q

Nepal primary effects

A
  • 8632 people killed immediately
  • 45000 classrooms damaged
  • 60,000 homes destroyed
  • 50% of shops destroyed
  • 7000 schools destroyed
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3
Q

Secondary effects to Nepal

A
  • 2.8 mill made homeless
  • 1.1 million denied access to education
  • landslides causes farmland damage
  • 72% reduction in tourism 2016
  • $6.6 billion in total of rebuilding
  • spread of diseases like cholera
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4
Q

Short term responses to Nepal

A
  • funeral piers set up in street to despose of dead (disease)
  • Islamic relief provided 2500meals
  • oxfam provided clean water to 400,000
  • 15,000 temporary learning centres
  • oxfam provided over 58,000l of water, 11,000 water tanks
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5
Q

Long term responses to Nepal

A

-Asian development bank gave $200 mill to rebuilding process
-medical teams remain active and are educating
-oxfam ran a cash for work program helping 15,000 to earn
-Facebook designed safety check
-new national building codes have been created

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6
Q

Hurricane Sandy general facts

A

18th Caribbean -25th 2012 USA landfall

  • impacted 24 states
  • New Jersey and New York main impact
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7
Q

Hurricane Sandy primary effects

A
  • 111 people killed
  • boardwalk Atlantic city tourist destination was destroyed
  • 1.8 million in NJ NY had no electricity
  • $60 bill damage was done
  • part of subway was flooded
  • 600,000 homes were destroyed/damaged
  • 6/7m storm surge
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8
Q

Hurricane Sandy secondary effects

A

-$18 billion in financial loses, $63b damage
-flooded homes causing fires and 80homes were lost
-all 3 NY airports were immediately closed
-stock exchange closed for 2 days
-east coast oil refinery was destroyed
-lack of power, snow and rain led to people freezing
-18,000 flights cancelled
-

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9
Q

Preparations made before hurricane Sandy hit USA

A
  • police helped advise people
  • evacuations
  • rehousing
  • satalite images
  • schools closed
  • hospitals evacuated
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10
Q

Short term responses to hurricane Sandy

A
  • Red Cross sheltered 11,000 people
  • marathon runners helped fundraiser money
  • empty hotels and apartments used to shelter homeless
  • Red Cross donated 7 mill meals and snacks
  • Americans donated 7m relief items for cold weather
  • FEMA deploy disaster managers to areas likely to be impacted
  • £200,000 from uk
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11
Q

Long term responses to hurricane Sandy

A
  • long term planning put into place to deal with future events with climate change
  • 2013 law passed allowing $50 billion of federal mosey repairing damage(not been used)
  • investigation into a micro grid system for NY electricity supply
  • rental assistant fund
  • new stricter building codes
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12
Q

Typhoon Haiyan background info

A
  • 8th November 2013
  • Classed as super typhoon
  • Category 5 storm
  • wind speeds of 195 mph
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13
Q

Primary effects of typhoon haiyan

A
  • 6,500 killed
  • 90% of tacloban city destroyed
  • 600,000 people displaced, 40,000 homes wrecked
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
  • power lines destroyed
  • 40cm rainfall
  • 71,000 hectares affected crops destroyed
  • 20ft storm surge
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14
Q

Secondary effects to typhoon haiyan

A
  • 14 million affected
  • 6 million lost source of income
  • landslides and roads blocked, isolation
  • some areas had no electricity for months
  • ferry services and flights disrupted
  • shortage of fresh water, food and shelter, outbreak of disease like cholera
  • job lost, hospitals, shops and schools damaged
  • looting and violence broke out in tacloban
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15
Q

Short term responses typhoon haiyan

A

-airports reopened 3 days later
-500,000 people given basic energy and shelters
-140,000 received temporary learning sites
-500 tons medical supplies
$23m grant

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16
Q

Long term responses of typhoon haiyan

A
  • FAO trained people for fishing (40 year boats)
  • 6 health cluster hubs established
  • 40,000 houses received cash
  • 420,000 kids had educational materials
  • $500,000m in loans
  • 582 public health facilities
  • 108,000 children vaccinated against measles and polio
  • teaching of hygiene
  • 44,000 families given seeds
  • 80,000 fertilisers can feed 800,000 per year
17
Q

Eyjafjallajokull

Background

A
  • Erupted from 14-20th April 2010

- Iceland sits on mid-Atlantic ridge where North American and Eurasian plates move apart

18
Q

Eyjafjallajokull

Primary effects

A
  • 250m cubic meters of ash and tephra emitted
  • flooding due to melted 150m Ice
  • 30,000 tones of co2 released each day
19
Q

Eyjafjallajokull secondary effects

A
  • 95,000 cancelled flights for 6 days
  • £1.1 billion in losses form airline industry
  • 20 farms totally destroyed by flooding or ash
  • Kenya’s economy struggled as perishable food and flowers couldn’t get exported
  • fluoride was in water so farm animals couldn’t drink it
  • roads shut down
  • loss of £130 m a day
20
Q

Eyjafjallajokull

Long term responses

A

Significant research was put into the impact of volcanic ash on aircraft.
-roads and embankments were reconstructed

21
Q

Eyjafjallajokull

Short term responses

A
  • 700 people were evacuated
  • 500 farmers were evacuated
  • parts of route 1 were bulldozed
  • compensation given to travellers
22
Q

Australian wildfires

Background

A
  • 2019/20
  • December to February had most amount of fires due to high temp and little water
  • new South Wales, Sydney, Victoria
23
Q

Causes of wildfires in Australia

A
  • climate change has caused temps to increase and kill pants and trees, 40 degree heats
  • drought since 2017
  • high wind speed
24
Q

Primary effects of wildfires

A
  • 34 deaths directly
  • 445 deaths indirectly
    -480 deaths overall
  • Victoria and NSW were most affected
  • 54% of rainforest affected
  • 18.4m hectares destroyed
  • 100,000 cows and sheep died
25
Q

Secondary effects of wildfires

A
  • 3500 homes destroyed
  • pollution form smoke
  • ash in river damaged fish ad water
  • schools were shut
26
Q

Long term responses of wildfires

A
  • purified 3.9m L of water
  • better funding promised for firefighters
  • $2 billion for recovery
  • £50m to protect wildlife
  • £200m to help wildlife and habitats to recover
27
Q

Short term responses to wildfires

A
  • 70 countries offered assistance
  • 77000 meals on defence bases to evacuees
  • 73,300L of fuel
  • 1.3m kg of fodder for animals
  • 150,000firefighters
  • 500 aircrafts for firefighters
28
Q

Multi hazardous: Philippines background

A
  • 7000 islands in South China Sea
  • 98 million population
  • GDP is only $3000
29
Q

Caracas nature of hazard:

Local scale

A
  • based in a valley so has landslides
  • 1999 10,000 died from tropical storms
  • fault lines run through Venezuela -1967 earthquake killed 3000
  • on Caribbean and South American plate
  • 80% of the population live on the slopes
30
Q

Social characteristics reflecting hazard impacts in Caracas

A
  • valuable land is based at valley bottom
  • the valley floor has easy evacuation structure
  • the clear division in the social classes shows the impact of hazards
  • the wealthy buildings have triangular steel enforcements to reduce the shock of an earthquake on a building
  • the lower class believe in risk vs reward
  • all 3 supply lines of water cross over a fault line
  • the main exit from the city lies across a fault line aswell
31
Q

Economic and political characteristics reflecting hazard impacts in Caracas

A

-50% of GDP is on oil, focused on shops,banks, and services
-organisations plan their own responses
-rallies for equal rights on responses by businesses as they will be impacted the most and people will loose jobs if another hazard happens
-

32
Q

What are the community responses to natural hazards

A
  • very little response form the lower class and slums
  • governments methods of risk management is to make building codes and restrictions in dangerous areas on the valley side but they don’t enforce it and so slums are built in dangerous areas
  • the wealthiest build their homes parallel to any debris that falls as to not affect their homes as much
  • attempt to reduce the population density and create gaps between houses to allow the mud flow pressure to move inbetween rather then take out multiple houses
  • office blocks have building codes
33
Q

Philippines tsunami’s

A

-submarine earthquakes have triggered tsunami
-Mindanao 1976 was 4-5m high and damaged 14 buildings

34
Q

Landslides in Philippines

A

-heavy rain leads to land dives that have killed hundreds since 1900

35
Q

Flooding in Philippines

A

-coastal and river flooding is common 150 events since 1900
They displace 100s of people
Can it be managed ? No due to poverty and rising sea levels

36
Q

Earthquakes in Philippines

A

-Philippines and Russian plates caused subduction
-1999 Luzon island earthquake measure 7.8 and killed 1500
-1900-2011 a total of 22 deadly earthquakes occur killing 9500
-$230 m in damage

37
Q

Volcanic eruptions in Philippines

A

-since 1900 there have been 22 deadly volcanic eruptions
-1991 Mt pinatubo killed 500
-$2.3bn

38
Q

Tropical storms in phillipines

A

-typhoon haiyan
-257 storms since 1900
-$6.5bn damage
-7-10 events per year

39
Q

Disaster management in Philippines

A

-disaster and climate resilience over past decade
-2009 national disaster risk reduction and management council is a working government , non gov, civil society and private sector organisations.
-shifted gov focus from emergency relief to disaster risk reduction and prevention
-produced a risk hazard booklet 2018
-agreed partnerships with Red Cross, federal agriculture organisation, action aid, Asian development bank, Australian aid.
-the climate experiment project: software that calculates the percentage chance of rain
-nationwide operational assessment of hazards: aims to increase awareness for disaster risk and involves preparedness and reducing the impacts
-Philippine geoportal: a map that serves as tools for strategic planning, decisions making, ect.

Physical Geography (8 decks)

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