Case Studies Disease Flashcards
Rosy periwinkle - origins
Native to Madagascar
Requires a warm tropical climate
Came to attention of scientists in the late 50s finding it had 2 alkaline, vincristine and vinblastine which have been developed for treatment of cancers
Rosy periwinkle - selling
Rely on commercial cultivation with sales of vc and Vb worth hundreds of millions of dollars to Eli Lilly with few profit going back to Madagascar - biopiracy
Deprives lidcs of valuable international trade, potential exports and value added
Hinders economic growth and progress in tackling poverty and inequality
Haiti - cholera
Magnitude 7 earthquake
Displacement of people to unsanitary areas - in Port au Prince half the population has no access to toilets
Drinking water became contaminated and people got cholera - 2014 - 720,000 cases of cholera reported 8700 deaths
Haiti - British Red Cross
British Red Cross response programme 2010-12
Delivered clean water to 300,000 people living in camps in Port au Prince
Built 1300 lactrines
Provided medical supplies to main hospital in saint Marc
Treated 18700 cases in la piste camp
Raised awareness among local people on how to avoid infection and of symptoms
Local media used to educate people
2011 - 35,000 new cases
2014 -2200
However still leading cause of infant mortality
Social economic and cultural cause of cancer uk
Obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcoholic abuse - since 1970s - risen 23% for men 43% for women
Sunbathing/sunbeds - skin cancer - opportunities have increased growing wealth and the advent of affordable package holidays
Change in diet - bowel cancer - preference for meat and dairy due to more wealth, packages food and fast food - less wealth, alcohol - wealth
Smoking - nearly 1/5 of all cases or cancer diagnoses each year are smoking related
Socio economic impacts of cancer uk
2 million people in uk living with cancer today - costs £15 billion a year due to early deaths, patients taking time off work, treatment on the nhs and the cost of unpaid care, social isolation and anxiety resulting from loss of income
Social deprivation and cancer - deprivation increases the likelihood of smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity
Glasgow has highest rates of cancer and over half the population live in wards which are among the 20% most deprived in the uk
Cancer uk survival rates
Deprivation gap - 14.2% more women in the most affluent group survive balder cancer compared with their most deprived counterparts
Explained by pre-existing health status and speed of diagnosis
Govt mitigation strategies - uk cancer
Direct
Investment in advanced medical technology (more precise forms of radiotherapy)
Mass screening for breast cervical and bowel
Cancer research - improving understanding of disease, developing new drugs and treatments
Skin cancer has a year on year rise of 3% - legislation to control the commercial use of sunbeds with age limits and staff training
Indirect
Emphasise changes in lifestyle
Education and health campaigns
International agencies mitigation strategies - uk cancer
International agency for research on cancer (part of WHO)
Conducts lab research into causes of disease
Cancer UK - researches the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
Incidence and patterns of malaria - Ethiopia
Endemic in 75% of Ethiopia’s land area
Kills around 70000 peope a year
Highest risk - lowlands - transmission rates peak after rainy season between June and November- 3/4 of country
Environmental causes of malaria
Thrives in warm humid climates where temperatures and humidity are high throughout year
Absence in highlands - low average temperatures - slow
development of mosquitoes
Parasites are becoming drug resistant
Human causes of malaria
Every esr at harvest and panting time large scale seasonal population movements rose place between highlands and agricultural lowlands - coincides with rainy seasons
Irrigation projects in gambella with the construction of canals micro dams and ponds and the cultivation of rice have expanded the breeding habituated for mosquitoes
Urbanisation - flooded excavations, garbage dumps, discarded containers provide breeding sites
Socio economic impacts of malaria
70000 people killed per year
Cause absenteeism from work, slowing economic growth and reinforcing the cycle of poverty
Last production in sub Saharan Africa due to malaria is estimated to be $12 billion a year
Abscess 40% of Ethiopia’s national health expenditure
Damages tourism
Damages food security - high land overpopulation therefore it’s poor farming resources have been over exploited resulting in land dregradation
Strategies to control malaria
2011 - five year plan (govt) - partnership with unicef world bank who ngos and donor countries
Direct - to eradicate mosquitoes by destroying breeding sites
Indirect - bed nets, education and early diagnosis and treatment
2008-13 - grants of $20-43 million a year
Prevalence of disease fell from 4.6% of population in 2005 to 0.8% in 2011
Bangladesh river flooding
August 2007
Heavy moss on rainfall - 9 million people living in Ganges displaces
Increased transmission of water borne diseases already accounting for 1/4 of deaths in Bangladesh
Climate change threatens more flooding in future due to rise in sea level and more rapid melting of snow and ice in the Himalayas
