Case Management W2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a model

A
  • Simple direction of a system

- Help us to process something in a certain way

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2
Q

Criteria of evaluating a model

A
  • Consistent with SW professional values and ethics
  • Make sense to consumers
  • Facilitate assessment decision making processes
  • Provide guidance through CM process
  • Based on sound theoretical understandings
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3
Q

Contemporary models of CM can be classified according to

A
  • Target group
  • Employing body and its philosophy and goals
  • Purpose (why CM is being used and what it’s meant to achieve)
  • Professional orientation (clinical or general focus)
  • Setting (organisation, funding, who makes decisions)
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4
Q

Categorising models of CM

A
  • Client focused
  • Service focused
  • Goal focused
  • Role focused
    These models significantly influence how CM functions are performed and where the scope of authority lies
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5
Q

CM Model types

A
  • Clinical model
  • Brokerage model
  • Strengths - based model
  • Recovery model
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6
Q

Clinical model

A
  • Used with clients diagnosed with more severe mental health issues
  • Includes specialist expert and practice
  • Long-term as opposed to short term and assistance
  • Effects of de-institutionalisation has promoted the need for this model
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7
Q

Clinical CM important resources

A
  • May require decision making with, on behalf of client because they are unable to do so for themselves
  • Links individual into formal and informal networks of support
  • Provides advice and counselling
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8
Q

Core of Clinical model

A
  • Develop genuine and trusting relationship
  • Relationship is further developed into a therapeutic alliance
  • Targeted to specific client group
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9
Q

Clinical model central principles

A
  • Continuity of care
  • Development of collaborative relationships
  • Flexibility - changing nature of need
  • Facilitation of client resourcefulness
  • Formal/informal resources
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10
Q

Clinical CM Model

A
  • Focus on changes, options and pacing of relationships to obtain successful
  • Remains aware of clinical mental health understandings throughout case management process
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11
Q

Clinical Model strengths

A
  • Improve administration efficiency
  • Improve case coordination and continuity of care
  • Team case review can lead to increased clinical accountability
  • Reduction of costs due to reduction of readmissions
  • Can involve low case loads to offer a more intensive service
  • Clinical documentation to improve service provision
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12
Q

Clinical Model limitations

A
  • Can involve untimely bureaucratic process
  • Requires specialist knowledge and skills
  • It may not consider the person holistically
  • May not be client-directed
  • Influences by medical model
  • Can involve high case loads
  • Lack of transparency of clinical records
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13
Q

Brokerage Model 2 essential factors

A
  1. Appropriate responses by service providers

2. Frequent advocacy by CM

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14
Q

Brokerage Key principles

A
  • Identifying and matching needs of clients to resources in the community
  • Development of services and packages from community services and resources
  • CM has little control over services, needs strong knowledge of services and appropriateness to client
  • Effective CM must be appropriate responses/services and CM constantly advocate
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15
Q

Brokerage Model considers

A
  • Estimated/expected costs of delivering specific services

- Desired client outcomes within specified time frames

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16
Q

Brokerage model is “fiscal” model of CM

A
  • Dictate the way services are organised and delivered (determined by cost)
  • Goals of org may take precedence over individualistic goals (i.e. budget constraints)
  • CM management roles may be determined by administrative responsibilities more than professional imperatives
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17
Q

Brokerage model limitations

A
  • CM experience can limit approach
  • CM has little control over the services they refer to
  • Useful if required services are not available within one service provider/systems (changing nature of HS)
  • Places lots of responsibility on te client to evaluated usefulness of the service
  • Relationship is not as a major focus
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18
Q

Strengths of Brokerage model

A
  • Services are prioritised
  • Providers are more careful as they must justify each component of the plan
  • Efficiency improves, service provision reduced to the shortest time frame
  • Single point of contact
  • Scarce resources are saved
  • Resources are allocated according to predetermined priorities
19
Q

Traditional approaches create dynamics where

A
  • Problem is defines as a lack or deficiency in the client of client system
  • Problem is defined by the ‘expert’ based on expert knowledge
  • CM is directed at overcoming the deficiency at the heart of the problem
  • Results in a bias towards weakness and pathology
20
Q

Strength based model

A

Purpose: assist individuals identify, secure and sustain the range of resources needed to live in an interdependent way in the community.

  • Developed by Rapp and Wintersteen late 1980s
  • Initially for individuals experiencing mental health issues
  • Enhance individualisation of person
  • Founded on environmental conception of human behaviour

Rationale - look past the individuals pathology, weakness, problems and/or deficits and maintain focus on their unique strengths

21
Q

Strength based model assumptions

A
  • All people possess wide range of talent, ability, skills resources and aspirations
  • Focus on “strength an potential”
  • Emphasis on positive aspects of life (with exceptions)
  • People have the capacity to determine what’s best for them. (client expert)
  • Empowers people to make choices (control and responsibility)
22
Q

Strengths perspective

A
  • Looks at how people have already shown resilience in difficult times
  • Looks for resources that nourish resilient spirits in people
  • Emphasis on positive attributes and qualities, creating qualitatively different context for CM practice

Research highlights when a clinician intentionally engages in change talk, clients are 4 times likely to discuss change

23
Q

6 Strength model principles

A
  1. Focus on individual strengths
  2. CM and client relationship is primary and essential
  3. Intervention strategies based on clients self determination
  4. Intervention incorporate relevant and accessible community services (formal/informal)and aggressive outreach
  5. Community viewed as a resource and not obstacle
  6. Clients with long-term issues, are assisted to make gains with their lives (celebrate gains) People learn to grown and change.
24
Q

Fundamental concepts of Strengths model

A
  • Professional relationship with respect
  • Use client strengths, assets and abilities rather than limitations and deficits
  • Goals (big/small) to be reinforced when accomplished
  • CM is advocate for client
  • Client defines the goals and targets through interactive process
  • CM seeks appropriate community resources and meet client needs
25
Q

Recovery Model key points 1

A
  • Each person’s recovery is different (individual journey)
  • Recovery requires others to believe in and stand by client
  • Underlying principles of hope, empowerment, social inclusion and personal growth
  • Recovery does not mean cure
  • Recovery can occur without professional help
  • Recovery is ongoing process
  • Recovery from mental illness (i.e. stigma, unemployment, loss of rights) sometimes more difficult that recovery of mental illness itself
26
Q

Exam Q. what is CM function. (Kanter, 2011)

A
  • Main activity or part of array of interventions?
  • Scope of CM practice focused on clients holistic or narrowly focussed on single domain such as illness?
  • Relationships between CM and client interpersonal or administrative?
27
Q

People are more than their diagnosis

A
  • Mental health diagnosis

- Employers, friends, family, members of the public

28
Q

Recovery model - key points. 2

A
  • Currently popular in mental health policy and service delivery guidelines
  • Risen from the intellectual product and lived in experience of consumers, survivors and ex-patients
  • Contested definitions - is it a process or an outcome?
  • Based on the premise that people with mental illness do recover (often without treatment)
29
Q

Consumer definition of recovery (Mary Ellen Copeland)

A

Elusive and means different things to different people. But most people agree that a person “in recovery” works on taking back control of his/her life, achieving his/her own goals/dreams

30
Q

Consumer definition of recovery (Pat Deegan)

A

Recovery is a process, a way of life, a way of approaching the days challenges and not a perfect linear process. Consider falters, slide back, regrouping and starting again. Need to meet the challenge of disability and re-establish a new valued sense of integrity and purpose within and beyond limits of disability, the aspiration to live, work and love in a community where one makes a significant contribution

31
Q

Personal vs Clinical Recovery

A

Personal:

  • Focus on unique personal journey of consumer
  • Values lived experiences and expertise of consumer
  • Supported by informal support network of connection
  • Achievable without service provision

Clinical:

  • Approach used by policy and services
  • Focus on relationships (Mental health clinician, consumer and family member)
  • Identifies how mental health clinician facilitates a process that supports recovery, in partnership with the consumer
32
Q

Process

A
  • Harder to ground in theory and collect evidence
  • Personal journey
  • Not reliant on interventions

What might recovery look like?

33
Q

What is Recovery?

A
  • Renew a sense or possibility of hope
  • Regain competencies
  • Reconnect and finding a place in society
  • Rebuilding self confidence, sense of self often lost through illness and engagement with service systems
  • Understanding the impact of disadvantage
34
Q

How to work in Recovery Orientation

A
  • Openness (willing to listen and learn)
  • Collaborate as equals (who is the expert)
  • Focus on persons inner resources
  • Reciprocity
  • Go the extra mile
    (Borg and Kristiansen, 2004)
35
Q

Star of Recovery Framework, 2 areas of focus

A
  1. Individual effort of recovery (cannot be manufactured by others)
  2. Effort of others (formal/informal)
36
Q

Life domains: (Exam)

A

Connection to networked life (how people connect)

37
Q

Factors influencing our CM roles (Exam)

A

Political context:

  • Privatisation
  • Neo-liberalism
  • Administration
38
Q

Benefits Family/Carer perspective (Exam)

A

Potential for greater involvement

39
Q

Why does definition/language matter?

A
  • Who should do the defining? (Exam)
  • Depend on cultural and social context
  • Change over time
  • Guide treatment
  • Assist in research
  • Shape policy, funding, service provision, insurance
  • Language, power, stigma, discrimination
40
Q

Strength of Recovery model

A
  • Focus on clients strengths not deficits
  • Links people with others who are further along recovery
  • Highlights importance of building supportive relationships and assist in recovery path
  • Develop unique coping skills in client
  • Accepts “set backs” as part of process (not failure)
  • Encourage client to make meaning out of recovery experience
  • Understanding that recovery may be a lifelong process
41
Q

Limitation of Recovery model

A
  • Evidence base is not firmly based as other models
  • May devalue the role of professional intervention
  • May marginalise those who don’t fit well with this model
  • Requires CMs with specialist knowledge of and support the model
42
Q

Factors influencing choice of CM models

A
  • Aims and objectives of organisation
  • Philosophical framework of the organisation
  • Target population characteristics
  • Socio-demographic factors
  • CM level of experience
  • Service delivery systems
43
Q

Different models with different strengths:

A
  • Whose interests are being served?
  • Which voice is being heard?
  • How is efficiency to be judged?
  • Will people involved take a short/long term view?
  • Does the model ensure clients receive care and services in an equitable way?