Case 9: Immunology Flashcards
How is feed a preventative measure in disease spread?
Proper nutrition and general good care of animals insures they are less susceptible to disease
How is housing a preventative measure in disease spread
Housing systems, influence welfare, the immune response in general as well as risk of infection. This means that a housing system can raise the risk of infection by promoting indirect contact between animals in this way, in increasing the risk of transmission of infectious pathogens.
How is cleaning and decontaminating a preventative measure in disease spread
Must be done to ensure that the animals come into contact as little as possible with pathogens by means of vectors are vehicles, timely removal of dung and urine cleaning utters before milking rinsing off cells before they are sent to the fairing stall, etc.
How is isolation a preventative measure in disease spread
The transmission of pathogens from one animal to another, can be reduced by preventing contact between animals or between groups of animals mixing animals of different ages is often avoided
How is vaccination a preventative measure in disease spread?
Vaccination should be done in the prep, pathogenic phase. This helps prevent the spread of disease and ensures proper health.
How are breeding measures a preventative measure and disease spread?
Reading for disease resistance might be able to reduce the disease spread and increase resistance
What are some issues with breathing for disease resistance?
Susceptibility parameters for disease are unknown
There is often limited heritability
Extension of generation interval
The loss of non-resistant animals, and the time span before results are achieved
What does resistance initially depend on in the first instance of contact of a disease with an animal?
Barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes and acidity level in the stomach
What is the difference between natural resistance and acquired resistance?
Natural resistance is present from the start, and is the natural immunity that the animal possesses through genetics
Acquired resistance is an adaptation after experiencing an immune response to a disease
Do pathogens generate stress?
Yes
What immune system ensures that pathogens have a difficult time entering the body
The physical chemical immune system
What is phagocytosis and how does it play a role in immunology?
The devouring of particles by cells
Certain white blood cells are able to absorb foreign material including pathogens and break them down internally. These cells occur in the blood and lymph. Also moved to the location of infection is also present antigens in order to generate a specific immune response.
What does specific immunity rely on?
Extremely specific recognition of molecules, alien into the body through cells with very specific receptors
What is specific resistance?
The products of specific immune responses such as antibodies reacts with this pathogen, and not with others
What is humoral immunity
The production of specific antibodies
What is cell mediated immunity?
The formation of cytotoxic cells
What is passive versus active immunity?
Passive immunity is immunity acquired naturally, for example, immunity acquired at birth through colostrum
Active immunity occurs as a result of a reaction by the animal to infections, caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, worms, and protozoa
how is the capacity of an animal to offer resistance to pathogens partially determined
Through genetics
What happens when a foreign substance enters the body?
It is presented by micro phages to lymphocytes with appropriate receptors some lymphocytes so-called B cells, then form antibodies other lymphocytes T cells secrete substances that help B cells to produce antibodies or can kill the infected cells themselves
What are antibodies?
Also called immunoglobulins they are large protein molecules that consist of chains of amino acids connected to each other by disulphide bridges. The Y shaped basic shape of an immunoglobulin contains an end terminal and both the long and the short chains. There’s a variable part where the antibody binds with the antigen.
What are the classes of antibodies in humans and pets?
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
how is the concept of memory after infection created?
This memory is developed when B memory cells are created during the primary immune response. These B memory cells are able to detect the specific antigen that was present during the first immune response. When they detect this antigen for a second time, they quickly clone themselves and differentiate into plasma cells that produce many antibodies that specifically target them, as a result, a secondary immunization compared to a primary is characterized by a shorter latent period. And higher concentration of antibodies in the blood.
