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YAS10806 Biology of Domestic Animals > Case 4: Milk > Flashcards

Case 4: Milk Flashcards

1
Q

When did domestication of cattle occur?

A

9000 and 8000 BC

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2
Q

What are some dual purpose cow breeds?

A

Fleckvieh and Brown Swiss

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3
Q

What are some meat cow breeds?

A

Belgian Blue, Blonde D’aquitaine, Piedmontese, Limousin

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4
Q

What are some dairy cow breeds?

A

Holstein, Friesian, Montbeliarde, Jersey, MRIJ

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5
Q

Why is milk composition important for famers?

A

they are paid for the total kilograms of protein, fat and lactose in the milk

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6
Q

How long is the cow estrus cycle?

A

21 days

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the estrus cycle?

A

luteal and follicular phase

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8
Q

What does the luteal phase comprise of?

A

metestrus and diestrus
starts with ovulation and lasts until regression of corpus luteum

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9
Q

What does the follicular phase comprise of?

A

proestrus and estrus
period between regression of corpus luteum and ovulation

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10
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

structure that remains when a follicle has ruptured from an ovary during the previous ovulation, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and functions to maintain an appropriate uterine endometrium for a potential embryo to develop in, P4 concentrations increase during luteal phase

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11
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when there is no fertilization?

A

degenerates and stops producing P4, this allows anothe follicle to grow and rupture from an ovary under the influence of estrogen, during the follicular phase

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12
Q

when is the cow in estrus?

A

at the end of the follicular phase

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13
Q

What are some typical estrus behaviours?

A

mounting or standing to be mounted

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14
Q

How long does estrus last and how long after estrus does ovulation occur?

A

estrus lasts about 15-18 hours and ovulation will follow within the next 24-32 hours of the cycle

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15
Q

How can ideal time for insemination be determined?

A

standing to be mounted behaviour

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16
Q

When is a cow conventionally dried off?

A

approximately 42-60 days

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17
Q

How long does involution after calving take?

A

45-50 days

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18
Q

How many parts is the udder divided into?

A

4 quarters, with each quarter containing a separate mammary gland and teat

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19
Q

What hormones provide a more rapid growth/development of the ducts within the mammary glands?

A

prolactin and growth hormone, for complete development, mammary gland needs constant endocrine stimulation

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20
Q

What happens to the alveoli of the mammary gland during late gestation?

A

further develop into lobules

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21
Q

How does suckling release milk?

A
  1. Suckling results in the travelling of impulses to hypothalamus through different nerves
  2. these impulses stimulate nerves in the periventricular nuclei, this causes the post. lobe of pituitary to release oxytocin
  3. this oxytocin is delivered to mammary gland through the blood
  4. which causes myoepithalial cells around the alveolus to contract
  5. this contraction will release milk out of each individual alveolus into small ducts and then larger ducts, milk enters larger duct and the neonate can drink from it
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22
Q

What can be seen in the milk curve in terms of trends?

A

milk production peaks shortly after parturition and from that moment will slowly decline during the lactation period, fat and protein levels follow the opposite curve from that of milk yield, both levels decrease shortly after parturition and will increase during lactation

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23
Q

What happens to the mammary gland as the calf gets older?

A

the calf becomes less dependent on milk for its nutrition, and will change to other feed sources, this results and less cycling, and thereby to more pressure in the memory gland of the cow. This increase pressure is the cause of the decreasing secretory cell functionality.

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24
Q

What happens to the memory gland when cycling is decreased for a long period?

A

The secretory cells will show complete atrophy a calf, which stops drinking milk, or cow being dried off, can cause this complete atrophy. Furthermore, the secretory cells will remain non-functional until a subsequent gestation from this gestation. The process of milk production will start over again with the stimulation of the alveoli through the endocrine.

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25
How long is a typical dry period?
40-60 days allows for full involution of mammary gland (recovery of epithelial cells)
26
What is important for milk production levels before the cow is dried off?
low milk levels
27
What may happen to the mammary gland during the dry period?
infections can be fought with antibiotics or teat sealers
28
What are some health problems related to the dry period?
metabolic diseases such as negative energy balance
29
What are some effects of shortening or omitting dry period?
prevents mammary gland from fulfilling proliferation (decreased milk production in subsequent lactation), higher occurrence of mastitis, milk fever
30
What is an ideal dry period?
30 days, earlier milk production but overall more
31
What is one of the main reasons for culling a cow?
mastitis
32
What is mastitis?
caused by bacteria, inflames udder (E.coli and strep) - bacteria originates from environment subclinical: no visible signs of illness clinical: swelling, heat and discoloration of udder, abnormal secretion, loss of appetite, fever
33
What are the impacts of mastitis?
low health, lower milk quality, less milk production and higher production costs
34
How can mastitis be treated?
antibiotics, but often restricted in countries, good hygiene and protective barriers during dry period
35
What does mastitis do physiologically to the mammary gland?
disrupts the alveolar cell integrity, causes cells to shed off, resulting in higher somatic cell count, can alter milk composition and quality because of higher SCC
36
When are ketosis and milk fever present?
Shortly after partition, and during the first stage of lactation
37
What do both ketosis and milk fever result in?
Lower milk yield which can be attributed to the change distribution of glucose levels in the body in the event of disease glucose is used by other tissues and the memory gland to help fight the disease when the levels of glucose in the memory gland decrease less less lactose can be synthesized consequently will lead to lower milk yield since lactose determines the amount of water drawn into milk
38
what is ketosis?
Related to the negative energy balance as a result of two little energy intake to account for the energy need for milk production. This will result in low blood glucose levels and high levels of ketone bodies in the blood. These ketone bodies can leak into the urine or eve which will lead to loss of milk quality
39
What are the symptoms of ketosis?
Sub, clinical, and clinical expressions are seen decrease appetite
40
what are the treatments for ketosis?
Feeding them, fresh palatable, and glucose rich feed these nutrients will lead to fermentation in the intestinal tract, resulting in higher energy level of the cow
41
what is milk fever?
A disorder in which hypocalcaemia occurs mostly within 24 hours after partition calcium concentrations in blood and plasma or decreased the need for calcium and lactation, is much higher compared to that in gestation when the calcium concentrations in the blood and plasma are insufficient calcium from the bones is depleted to repeat the levels in the blood. However, these processes take some time which leads to a calcium shortage.
42
What is a treatment for milk fever
It can be prevented by feeding the cow appetizing feed like live yeast, which will stimulate the cows appetite resulting in better feed uptake also supplementing the cow with calcium before and after part may help treat. Milk fever is the only treatment if milk fever has already occurred.
43
What do the serum proteins do in colostrum?
Help the calf, acquire its passive immunity
43
What are the components of colostrum?
Serum proteins, such as beta lactoglobulin, alpha, lacto bin immunoglobulins and lactoferrin
44
how soon after pian will colostrum production shift towards milk production?
48 to 72 hours
45
What happens when colostrum shifts to regular milk?
Serum proteins quickly decrease casein and fat also decrease lactose levels slightly increase
46
what is the general composition of milk?
87% water, 13% dry matter 4.8%, lactose 4.38% fat in the form of triglycerides 3.55% protein
47
what are some characteristics of the fat in milk?
Triglycerides which differ in bonds and length milk, fat is emulsified in globules
48
what are some characteristics of protein in milk?
casein and whey proteins
49
what are some characteristics of vitamins, enzymes and flavours in milk?
Minerals present and milk are calcium magnesium sodium and phosphate. Beta carotene is a precursor for vitamin A and his present and milk. There's also vitamin C present in fresh milk.
50
How is lactose produced in the mammory gland?
Lactose produced out of glucose and galactose. The lactose can't be taken up by the memory gland out of the blood, but can be synthesized out of glucose. This glucose can be taken out from the blood. When lactose is produced it is transported into the milk via exocytosis
51
Where are milk proteins synthesized?
Partly synthesized in the mammory gland from amino acids, which are taken up from the blood
52
Where are milk fats synthesized?
Can either be produced to Novo in the mammory gland, or directly taken up from circulating blood plasma
53
what different dairy products are required in terms of milk nutrition?
Milk, rich in fat, is good for producing butter cheese making relies on milk with adequate casein levels and higher beta and carotene amounts, which influence the colour of milk, butter and cheese
54
is there a variation between milk composition between breeds?
Yes
55
What are some characteristics of milk composition in the jersey breed?
Jersey cows produce milk with a highest level of saturated fatty acids. Total yield was lower for Jersey milk. Solid levels are highest for Jersey high protein level makes milk from Jersey cow preferable for cheesemaking, however, given the low milk yield, and due to the number of dairy cows kept in the Netherlands more often milk from Holstein Friesian cows is used.
56
What are some characteristics of male composition in different species?
Lactose levels are highest in horse milk while she clearly have the highest fat and protein levels in their milk Jersey cows produce yellow milk, while sheep, bison, and goats give milk which has almost no colour
57
What is allergy of bovine milk caused by?
It is influenced by the ratio of way and casein
58
what are some characteristics of human milk?
Has about two times more unsaturated fatty acids compared to bovine or goat milk. These in saturated fatty acids contribute to health human milk, contains species, specific immunoglobulins, particularly immunoglobulin, a which is necessary for the infant, to acquire its passive immunity.
59
What are two management factors that influence milk production?
Feeding and management system
60
How does feed generally affect milk?
Contributes most to milk, production
61
What happens to the milk when you increase roughage in the feed?
by increasing roughage to concentrate ratio in the feed cows are fed diet with more fat, which will result in a higher amount of uric acid and swell, as acetic acid available for fat synthesis in the mammary gland
62
What happens to milk when you increase concentrate in the feed?
Improved energy, balance, which results in less ketosis, and thus in less milk, yield losses, however, glucogenic ration also lowers the milk, fat level less protein will end up in milk. Protein composition in the feed cannot be influenced via the supply of amino acids in the diet.
63
How does grazing affect milk composition?
Cows that greys have a lower level of saturated fatty acids in a higher level of long chain fatty acids in the milk
64
Is fat level higher in Summer milk or winter milk?
Fat level is slightly higher in winter milk
65
What are the three types of milking systems that can affect milk quality?
Hand, milking parlor, milking, automated milking systems
66
What is the benefit of using a milk parlour over an AMS system?
Last chance of disease and can prevent mastitis, teat disinfectant is used Farmer can easily monitor the health of the cows
67
what is the benefit of using an AMS system over a milking parlor?
Higher milk yield is achieved
68
What is heritability?
Is an estimate on how much of the phenotypic variation in the certain trait is due to variation and genetics high heritability reflects high contribution of genetics to the specific variation
69
What is breeding goal?
Particular aim for breeding
70
What is breeding value?
The heritable predisposition, as it is expressed, or is expected to be expressed in descendants

YAS10806 Biology of Domestic Animals (6 decks)

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