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YAS10806 Biology of Domestic Animals > Case 3: Nutrition > Flashcards

Case 3: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential nutrients in order of decreasing need?

A

water
energy producing organic compounds
proteins
fatty acids
minerals
vitamins

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2
Q

where does reducing and absorbing take place?

A

The digestive tract

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3
Q

What is the percentage of water content in each type of tissue?

A

Blood muscle tissue and nerve tissue contains 75% or more
Bone tissue and fat contain water 20% or less

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4
Q

do almost all metabolic processes take place in aqueous solutions?

A

Yes

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5
Q

what is the function of water during metabolic activity?

A

Serves as a coolant to absorb and dissipate the heat that is released during the metabolic activity

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6
Q

how does water regulate the body temperature?

A

Evaporation in the lungs or through evaporation in the skin

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7
Q

What is the thermodynamics definition of energy?

A

Labour, power of system distinguished between kinetic energy and potential energy

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8
Q

what is the synthesis of body tissue based on?

A

Endothermic reaction processes mean energy is needed

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9
Q

what happens if body temperature is off in terms of energy?

A

Warm-blooded animals must produce extra heat in order to maintain their body temperature, for example, through muscle twitches

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10
Q

what is the animal dependent on for supply of energy?

A

Organic matter and oxygen inhaled

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11
Q

what is the energy yield for an animal determined by?

A

The amount of energy that the burning of nutrients via metabolism produces

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12
Q

How does burning via metabolism work?

A

At each step part of the energy is stored in energy, rich bonds, but energy is also lost as heat the energy rich compounds provide the energy for the formation of new compounds, and for the initiation of metabolic reactions

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13
Q

what are the energy-rich compounds most known?

A

AMP, ADP and ATP, which consist of adenine ribose and 1 to 3 phosphorus groups

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14
Q

how are water, carbon dioxide, and heat excreted from the body?

A

Water is excreted via evaporation and via urine. Carbon dioxide is excreted via respiration heat is lost through the skin or by evaporation of water through breathing.

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15
Q

How is ATP used for metabolic processes?

A

The energy stored in ATP is used for metabolic processes however, the contribution of ATP to the metabolism is not constant, but depends on the step-by-step synthesis processes in which ATP is used

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16
Q

what happens if energy intake does not meet the needs of the animal?

A

The animal will use its own stocks to supplement the shortage

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17
Q

where do energy stores come from in the body?

A

The stocks are built up and supplemented in periods of food abundance. The energy supplies mainly comes from fat energy.
Quick energy supply comes from carbohydrates for example, in a fight or flight situation.
If the fat supply is inadequate, body proteins will be used as fuel initially at the expense of the muscles long-term from the organs.

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18
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Amine and carboxylic acid group

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19
Q

How many different amino acids occur in animal proteins?

A

20

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20
Q

What determines the property and function of a protein?

A

The arrangement of amino acids in the protein molecule

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21
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

The amino acids that the higher animals species cannot build themselves, and must be included in the feed

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22
Q

What are aminogenic nutrients?

A

Nutrients that directly contribute to the synthesis of proteins

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23
Q

What is quality of feed protein determined by?

A

Not only the protein content, but also by amino acid composition

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24
Q

What are carbohydrates in the animal?

A

Energy supply and glycogen or glucogenic nutrient supply

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25
How do we find carbohydrates in feed?
In the form of sugars starch, and as hemi cellulose and cellulose
26
What carbohydrates can the digestive enzymes of animals degrade?
Sugars and starch
27
How are hemi cellulose, and cellulose degraded?
Dependent on enzymes from microorganisms and their gastrointestinal tract, such as ruminants
28
What two nutrients are the main supplier of energy?
Fat and carbohydrates
29
What else do fats contribute to in the body?
Supply of Lipo, genic nutrients
30
How are fats found in vegetables?
In the form of triacylglycerol, composed of a glycerol molecule, to which three fatty acid molecules are linked
31
Where are fatty acids found in the body of animals
As phosphor, lipids and membranes of body cells in lipoproteins in the blood, in fat globules and milk, and intracellular cells of fat reserves
32
What is the function of fatty acids?
Brain activity and hormone synthesis
33
What fatty acids can animals not synthesize?
Omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids
34
What is an essential mineral?
Minerals. That short term and long-term deficiency can be seen.
35
What are some macro essential minerals?
Calcium phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, and sulfur
36
What are micro essential minerals?
Iron, iodine, copper, manganese, zinc, and cobalt
37
What are some trace minerals?
molybdenum, selenium, chrome, chromium, fluorine, silicone, vanadium, tin, arsenic and nickel
38
What is the function of macrominerals?
Building blocks of the body for example, calcium phosphorus, and magnesium are building blocks for bone tissue sodium potassium and chlorine are predominant for cell charger and sulphur is important as a component of essential amino acids
39
What is the function of trace minerals?
Active and metabolic processes, usually as part of an enzyme system
40
Can animals synthesize vitamins
No
41
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A D E K
42
What are the water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin B, vitamin C
43
What does saliva contain?
Salts making the saliva slightly alkaline. It also contains a starch splitting enzyme as a result of which the carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth.
44
What do calves possess in their saliva?
Fat splitting enzyme they also have a saliva higher alkalinity and relatively high content of buffering phosphate, and bicarbonate compounds
45
What is a bird mouth?
Lips and jaws have grown into a beak which the feed is picked up food is swallowed directly, and then ends up in the crop
46
What is the crop?
Pear-shaped protrusion of the esophagus, its function is temporary storage of food to allow a gradual passage to the stomach. The food is moist here, but no digestion takes place at most some microbial degradation occurs.
47
What is special about a fish mouth?
Many species do not have teeth. Most fish more or less suck the food in with the water food is filtered through the gills on the side of the mouth, then disappears into the esophagus, predatory fish do have teeth usually directed backwards.
48
What is the function of a single stomach?
Stores the food temporarily, and mixes it intensively with digestive juices produced in the stomach
49
What is the function of hydrochloric acid in stomach acid?
The production of hydrochloric acid leads to a low pH in the stomach acidic environment, promotes the coagulation of proteins forms, an important barrier to infectious microbes that are ingested with the feed and are not resistant to this environment. In addition, hydrochloric acid stimulates the activity of the main digestive enzyme in the stomach, the protein splitting pepsin.
50
What are the four stomachs of a ruminant?
Rumen, reticulum omasum, abomasum
51
Is the function of the rumen and reticulum?
One large reservoir where microbial fermentation occurs
52
What is the function of the omasum?
Absorbs fluid and allows the smaller feed components to pass to the abomasum corser parts are retained, and remain in the rumen and reticulum to continue fermenting
53
What type of microbial form the largest part of the forestomach?
Protozoa
54
How do the microbiotic digest the feed in the fore stomach?
Under the influence of Roman motility, the microorganisms move through the feed mass, attach themselves to the feed, and start the digestion by regularly, returning the feed to the mouth and ruminating, the ruminate reduces and crashes, and the courser feed components, making the material increasingly accessible to the microorganisms in the forestomach
55
How many times is each food bolus chewed in cows
40 to 50 times before it is swollen again
56
Are the microorganisms in the ruminant stomach, anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic, therefore, they extract food by reduction, not by oxidation
57
What is the most important protein source for ruminants?
Microbial protein
58
What are the most important volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen?
Acetic acid, propanoic acid and butyric acid
59
What are the two byproducts of microbial fermentation in ruminants?
Vital fatty acids and lactic acid
60
What is the VFA most highly produced from the consumption of high fibre feed?
Acetic acid
61
What VFA is the most highly produced from the consumption of high concentrate feed?
Acetic acid decreases, and other VFA increase
62
What vitamin do the microbes produce when fermenting?
Vitamin B
62
What is the issue with volatile fatty acids?
They create a very low ruminal pH, however the rumen manages to maintain its pH at around 6.5 to 7 due to the large saliva production
62
What is the function of the abomasum?
The album Mome can be compared to the stomach of animals with a single stomach low pH release of hydrochloric acid and pepsin and the beginning of protein digestion
63
What are the two stomachs in poultry?
The gizzard, and the pro ventriculus
64
How does food move down from the crop in Birds?
The food gradually flows from the crop through the proventriculus to the gizzard. The proventriculus stomach produces the digestive juices. The gizzard is covered with a horny layer around which there is a thick muscular layer the gizzard grinds the food and mixes it with the digestive juices in order to stimulate this grinding the animal takes up small pebbles that function is milling stones in the gizzard the gizzard compensates for the lack of teeth in these animals.
65
What are the three divisions of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
66
What is producing the small intestine?
Digestive juices are added to the food slurry digestive enzymes are partly producing the intestinal wall, partly in separate glands
67
What does the pancreas secrete into the intestine?
Bicarbonate this neutralizes, the acid chymus from the stomach
68
What did the digestive enzymes do in the small intestine?
Provide the hydrolysis of the various feed components into small particles which pass passively or through active transport systems, through the intestinal wall, and absorbed into the blood or length
69
What is the function of intestinal villi?
The surface of the intestinal wall, and dust the absorption capacity of the intestine
70
What happens to the nutrients in the small intestine?
Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides Proteins are hydrolyze to amino acids Fats are converted to fatty acids and glycerol. This is done by bio which is produced in the liver. It contains emulsifiers that adhere to the fatty acid so that they dissolve in an aqueous environment.
71
What are the three compartments of the large intestine in mammals?
cecum, colon, rectum
72
in horses, pigs, and rabbits, what is the function of the colon
Has the same function as the rumen in ruminants
73
In horses, what specialized part of the large intestine is important?
The cecum
74
What is special about hindgut for mentors in terms of nutrient absorption?
The microbial protein formed is not a source of protein for horses, pigs, and rabbits, because there's no absorption of amino acids in the large intestine rabbits solve this through coprophagy by eating the faeces
75
What is the general function of the large intestine?
Salts and water are partially extracted from the food, slurry and absorbed via the intestinal wall. Eventually, the thickened food slurry is stored in the rectum.
76
Why are faeces shapes different in different species?
Through specific movements of the large intestine, specific forms, arise, in which the feces are excreted
77
What is feed value?
the extent to which a feed can contribute to the survival and production of animals
78
What is the weende analysis method
used for evaluating the feed without distinguishing between the particular nutrients
79
What CF a measure of?
quantity of cell walls
80
What is the measurable name for CF?
NDF, contains hemicellulose and cellulose
81
What is the formula for digestibility coefficient?
DC = intake-excretion as feces/intake x 100
82
what is gross energy?
The heat that is released during the total combustion of a feed
83
How is energy loss determined?
Through faeces
84
What is the digestible energy?
The part of the gross energy that is not lost through faeces
85
What is metabolizable energy?
Correction of the digestible energy for losses with gas and urine it is the principle available for the animal to meet the energy requirements for maintenance and production
86
What is thermal energy?
The heat released at normal ambient temperature than necessary to maintain body temperature
87
What is net energy?
The remaining part in the form of building materials in ATP, this energy, ultimately directly benefits, the animal for maintenance and production
88
What are the most important characteristics for protein evaluation?
protein digestibility and amino acid composition of the digestible protein
89
Where do protein cleavage and absorption of amino acids take place?
small intestine, however some protein is still broken down in the large intestine, but this is not absorbed, leading to an overestimation in protein usage
90
What is apparent digestibility?
the disappearance of protein
91
What is the CVB system of feed evaluation?
energy and protein requirements of individual animals are expressed in VEM (feed unit milk) and grams of DVE (true protein digested in the intestine)
92
What are the feed evaluation needs caused by?
Lactation number, body weight, milk, production, and milk composition
93
What are the VEM and the DVE values strongly influenced by
The fermentation processes in the rumen
94
What is OEB?
Rumen degradable protein balance, indicates how much excess feed protein is broken down in the rumen
95
What does a positive OEB value mean?
More degraded feed protein is available to the microorganisms than they need for their growth
96
What does a negative OEB value mean?
Microorganisms do not receive enough protein to grow and function properly
97
What is the ideal OEB value?
0 g
98
What is the formula for VEM?
VEM requirement (day-1) = 42.4 x W^0.75 + 460 x FPCM
99
What is the DVE formula?
DVE requirement (g·day-1) = 54 + (0.1 x W) + 52 x FPCM
100
What is the FPCM formula?
FPCM (kg·day-1) = (0.337 + 0.116 x F% + 0.06 x P%) x M

YAS10806 Biology of Domestic Animals (6 decks)

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