Case 8: Behaviour

Question 1

how have humans domesticated animals?

Answer 1

Humans determine the selection of breeding animals of many generations. Humans also continue to determine which breeding animals have descendants through deliberate, breeding choices they create the environment in which animals lead their lives.

Question 2

What internal mechanisms are essential for proper functioning of an animal?

Answer 2

Senses that the animal uses to probe its internal and external environment
Physiological and behavioural activities that an animal can undertake, and that allowed to influence its own environment
Neural endocrine system that combines the senses and motor coordination into a whole

Question 3

What are the four whys of Tinbergen?

Answer 3

1. How do physiological mechanisms regulate behaviour?
2. How do behaviours develop in individuals?
3. What is the adaptive value of a behavior?
4. How has it written, and adapted through evolution

Question 4

what did Charles Darwin show?

Answer 4

Behaviour was also a factor in the evolutionary process of sexual selection, in which females select males with the most noticeable display behaviour

Question 5

What is the difference between approximate and an ultimate question?

Answer 5

proximate question: seek an answer to matters that determine behaviour at this moment the internal and external mechanisms that underlie behaviour
An ultimate question consideres long-term consequences and focusses on why the animal is displaying the behaviour

Question 6

What is behaviour?

Answer 6

Everything that an animal does

Question 7

Do behavioural elements consist of smaller elements?

Answer 7

Yes, this all allows room for an individual interpretation of behaviour

Question 8

What is the clever hans effect?

Answer 8

a phenomenon that occurs when someone or something responds to subtle cues, rather than using their own intelligence

Question 9

what are the four different observation methods?

Answer 9

Ad libitum sampling
focal sampling
scan sampling
behaviour sampling

Question 10

What are the two recording methods?

Answer 10

Continuous recording
time sampling recording

Question 11

What are the two types of behavior?

Answer 11

Activities over time: these are behaviours of a certain duration
Momentary activities: these are behaviours of relatively brief duration

Question 12

What is ad libitum sampling?

Answer 12

The observers simply notes down as many events as possible, that are to be seen, and that appear relevant irrespective of which animal carries them out

Question 13

What is a con of ad libitum sampling?

Answer 13

Risk of subjective observation is very high

Question 14

What is ad libitum sampling mainly used for?

Answer 14

Exploratory observations example drawing an ethogram

Question 15

What is focal sampling?

Answer 15

The observer follows one animal or an animal unit. Noting as much as possible of the behaviour displayed often this includes to whom the behaviour is displayed, and what their reaction is.

Question 16

What is focal sampling best suited for?

Answer 16

Investigating the social behaviour of animals

Question 17

What is scan sampling?

Answer 17

The observer runs through all the animals at fixed intervals, noting the behaviour at that moment for each animal, this usually concerns simple behaviors. It can also be used to collect data on the dispersion of animals by noting where each animal is located in the area.

Question 18

What is a pro of scan sampling?

Answer 18

A large amount of data can be collected simultaneously in a short period on several animals. It is good for long lasting activities.

Question 19

What is a con of scan sampling?

Answer 19

Momentary activities are often missed

Question 20

What is behaviour sampling?

Answer 20

The observer observes an entire group of animals simultaneously only noting the occurrence of certain behaviors. The difference between this and ad libitum sampling is that in behaviour sampling you focus on a specific behavior.

Question 21

What is behaviour sampling best suited for?

Answer 21

Recording all rare, but important behaviours

Question 22

What is continuous recording?

Answer 22

The behaviour of a single animal is tracked closely for a certain period, noting each change in behaviour

Question 23

What is a pro of continuous recording?

Answer 23

The duration and frequency of each behavioural element can be determined accurately, as can the sequence of the elements and the distribution over time

Question 24

What is a con of continuous recording?

Answer 24

Demands intensive observation, and takes a lot of time

Question 25

What is sample wise recording or time sampling?

Answer 25

An observation is divided up into fixed time intervals the end of a time interval can be indicated by means of an audible signal. At that moment the behaviour is recorded. This record of behaviour is called a time sample. Can be divided into instantaneous sampling, and one sampling.

Question 26

What is instantaneous sampling?

Answer 26

Under the umbrella, term of time, sampling, or sample wise recording where an observation. With a time interval, yields a number of behavioural recordings.

Question 27

What is one zero sampling?

Answer 27

Under the umbrella, term of time, sampling, or sample wise recording. Not each behavioural element, whether it has, or has not been observed during the time interval

Question 28

What are two measures of observer reliability?

Answer 28

Intra-observer reliability: measures the degree to which one observer records, the same data of the same event at different points in time Inter-observer reliability: measures the degree to which, two or more observers record the same data from the same event. At the same time. This is a measure of agreement between different observers, who have observed the same behavior.

Question 29

What is validity?

Answer 29

The extent to which the project accurately measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 30

What is internal validity?

Answer 30

The significance of a study in relation to the concrete situation that is being studied

Question 31

What is external validity?

Answer 31

The degree to which the findings from a study can be generalized beyond the example that is investigated

Question 32

What is criterion validity?

Answer 32

The correlation between the test and a criterion variable is taken as a representative of the construct

Question 33

what is construct validity?

Answer 33

The extent to which the test does actually measure what the theory says it does

Question 34

what is content validity?

Answer 34

The extent to test are carefully selected and it make sense

Question 35

What are the five main personality traits in humans?

Answer 35

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness and emotional stability

Question 36

why is the personality of an animal important?

Answer 36

It affects the way it deals with the conditions under which it is kept and determines its relationships with humans

Question 37

What is an ethogram?

Answer 37

The complete set of behavioural elements of an animal species

Question 38

what are some disadvantages of group living?

Answer 38

Competition and infection pressure

Question 39

what is anthropomorphism

Answer 39

Humans attributing human traits to animals

Question 40

what are the two personality dimensions in humans?

Answer 40

Type A: impatient, irritable, hostile, ambitious Type B: social, tardy, easy-going