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Medicine Sem 3 > Case 9 anatomy > Flashcards

Case 9 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the gluteux maximus do?

A

extends and laterally rotates the hip joint

  • it also works with the tensor fasciae latae to extend the knee joint through the iliotibial tract
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2
Q

what do the gluteus medius and minimus do?

A
  • abduct the hip joint
  • medially rotate the hip joint
  • tilt the pelvis when walking to permit the opposite leg to clear the ground
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3
Q

where do the deep gluteal muscles insert?

A
  • The piriformis, superior & inferior gemelli and obturator internus all insert into the upper border of the greater trochanter
  • The quadrate femoris inserts into the quadrate tubercle
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4
Q

what is the origin of the deep gluteal muscles?

A
  • Piriformis = anterior surface of sacrum
  • Superior gemellus = ischial spine
  • Inferior gemellus = ischial tuberosity
  • Obturator internus = inner surface of obturator membrane
  • Quadratus femoris = lateral border of the ischial tuberosity
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5
Q

what makes up the quadriceps femoris?

A

three vastus muscles and the rectus femoris

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6
Q

what is the origin of the rectus femoris?

A

anterior inferior iliac spine

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7
Q

where does the sartorius originate and insert?

A

anterior superior iliac spine to medial surface of proximal tibia

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8
Q

where does the vastus intermedius lie?

A

underneath the rectus femoris

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9
Q

where does the gracilis originate and insert?

A

ischiopubic ramus to just behind the sartorius on the tibia

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10
Q

which is the most superficial adductor muscle?

A

adductor longus

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11
Q

origin and insertion of adductor muscles

A

adductor magnus:

  • Adductor part – Originates from the inferior rami of the pubis and the rami of ischium, attaching to the linea aspera of the femur.
  • Hamstring part – Originates from the ischial tuberosity and attaches to the adductor tubercle and medial supracondylar line of the femur.

adductor longus:
- Originates from the pubis, and expands into a fan shape, attaching broadly to the linea aspera of the femur

adductor brevis:
- Originates from the body of pubis and inferior pubic rami. It attaches to the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the femur, proximal to the adductor longus.

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12
Q

what do the muscles of the posterior compartment do?

A

extend the hip joint and flex at knee joint

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13
Q

what is most superficial out of the semitendonous or semimembranous?

A

semitendonous

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14
Q

what does the gracilis do?

A

adducts the thigh at the hip and flexes the leg at the knee

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15
Q

where does the pectineus originate and insert?

A

superior pubic ramus to the pectineal line of femur

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16
Q

what does the pectineus do?

A

adducts and flexes the thigh

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17
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Superior boundary = inguinal ligament
  • Medial boundary = adductor longus muscle
  • Lateral boundary = sartorius muscle
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18
Q

what is the ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetablum called? what does it do?

A

acetabular labrum

  • increases the size of the articular area of the acetabulum
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19
Q

where is the distal attachment of the capsule of the hip joint incomplete?

A

in the posterior region ?

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20
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket synovial joint

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21
Q

what are the ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  • Ligamentum teres
  • Transverse (bridges the acetabular notch and joins the two ends of the acetabular labrum, thus forming a complete ring)
  • Ischiofemoral
  • Pubofemoral
  • Iliofemoral
22
Q

which movement do you forget with the hip joint?

A

medial and lateral rotation

23
Q

where does iliopsoas insert?

A

lesser trochanter

24
Q

what are the flexors of the hip?

A
  • PECTINEUS
  • TENSOR FASCIA LATAE
  • iliopsoas
  • sartorius
  • rectus femoris

(no gracilis)

25
Q

what are the adductors of the hip?

A
  • PECTINEUS
  • adductor longus, brevis, magnus
  • gracilis
26
Q

what are the medial rotators of the hip?

A
  • TENSOR FASCIA LATAE
  • GLUTEUS MINIMUS
  • GLUTEUS MEDIUS
27
Q

describe the blood supply of the hip joint

A
  • The main blood supply to the femoral head is provided by the retinacular vessels from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries which are branches of the profunda femoris
  • The retinacular vessels from the medial circumflex are the most important as they enter the hip by passing under the unattached posterior part of capsule
  • The retinacular vessels from the lateral circumflex have to pierce the iliofemoral ligament so they are smaller and fewer
  • A small artery is present in the ligamentum teres; it provides a good blood supply in young children but atrophies after the age of seven
28
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

modified hinge joint

29
Q

how many articulations are there in the knee joint?

A

three articulations; two femorotibial and one femoropatellar

30
Q

describe the capsule of the knee joints and its attachments?

A
  • The capsule of the knee attaches proximally to the margins of the femoral condyles and distally to the margins of the tibial plateau
  • The distal attachment is incomplete as the posterior edge of the tibia is crossed by the popliteus tendon
31
Q

what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?

A
  • Posterior cruciate ligament

* Anterior cruciate ligament

32
Q

what are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?

A
  • lateral collateral ligament
  • Medial collateral ligament
  • Patellar ligament (patella to tibia)
  • Oblique popliteal ligament (expansion of tendon of semimembranosus – arises from medial tibial condyle and passes toward lateral femoral condyle)
  • Arcuate popliteal ligament (Y-shaped and is attached to the posterior portion of the had of the fibula)
33
Q

which collateral ligament is separated from their meniscus?

A

lateral - by the popliteal tendon

34
Q

what are the popliteal tendons?

A

Oblique popliteal ligament = an expansion of the semimembranosus tendon that strengthens the posterior aspect of the capsule
Arcuate popliteal ligament = a thickening of the posterior capsule fibres which arches over the tendon of the popliteus

35
Q

where is the anterior cruciate ligament located? what does it do?

A

extends from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle – it prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

36
Q

where is the posterior cruciate ligament located? what does it do?

A

extends from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau to the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle – it prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

37
Q

what are the mensici made of?

A

fibrocartilage

38
Q

describe the lateral mensicus and where does it attach?

A

pad of fibrocartilage cartilage that forms four-fifths of a circle, it is attached anterior and posteriorly to the tibia and attached loosely to the capsule – it is separated from the lateral collateral ligament by the popliteal tendon

39
Q

describe the medial mensicus and where does it attach?

A

a semi-circular pad of fibrocartilage that is attached anterior and posteriorly to the tibia – it is firmly attached to the capsule and medial collateral ligament

(MEDIAL MENISCUS IS BIGGER)

40
Q

name the different bursae

A
  • Suprapatellar
  • Prepatellar (in front of patella)
  • Deep infrapatellar
  • Subcutaneous infrapatellar
  • Gastrocnemius (lateral)
  • Gastrocnemius (medial)
  • Semimembranosus (behind)
  • Anserine
  • Popliteus (between popliteus tendon and capsule)
41
Q

what are the flexers of the knee?

A
  • GASTROCNEUMIUS
  • SARTORIUS
  • gracilis
  • biceps femoris
  • semimembranOSUS
  • semitendinosus
42
Q

what is another name for the ankle joint?

A

talocrural joint

43
Q

what is the ankle joint? what type of joint?

A

between distal ends of tibia and fibula nad upper part of body of talus
hinge joint

44
Q

where is the ankle joint weak and strong? where is it strongest?

A

capsule of the ankle joint is weak anteriorly and posteriorly but is strengthened medially and laterally by the medial and lateral ligaments respectively - medial ligament is strongest

45
Q

what is the medial ligament called?

A

deltoid ligament

46
Q

what is the lateral ligament made up of?

A

three parts:
• anterior talofibular
• posterior talofibular
• calcaneofibular

47
Q

what is inversion and eversion of the ankle? where does it take place?

A

inversion (toes point in) and eversion of the ankle take place at the talocalcaneal (subtalar) articulation and at the transverse tarsal joints (calcaneocuboid and talonavicular)

48
Q

what is the tarsus? what is the other bone that you get confused with?

A

cluster of 7 articulating bones

talus

49
Q

what are the inverters of the ankle?

A
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Tibialis posterior
50
Q

what are the everters of the ankle?

A
  • Peroneus longus
  • Peroneus brevis
  • Peroneus tertius
51
Q

what are the other joints of the foot?

A
  • cuneonavicular (navicular and cuneiform bones)
  • cuboideonavicular
  • intercuneiform
  • cuneocuboid
  • tarsometatarsal
  • intermetatarsal
  • metatarsophalangeal
  • interphalangeal
52
Q

what is hilton’s law?

A

nerves that innervate the muscles that act on a joint, and those that innervate the skin over the joint, also innervate the joint
??

Medicine Sem 3 (23 decks)

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