Case 6 anatomy Flashcards
what’s important about the scalp?
connective tissue of scalp - many arteries and veins anastomosing
loose areolar connective tissue - emissary veins
what retracts and protracts the jaw?
temporalis muscle retracts the jaw
lateral pterygoid protracts the mandible
where does the medial pterygoid muscle originate from?
tuberosity of maxilla and medial aspect of lateral pterygoid plate
what does the temporalis muscle insert onto?
coronoid process of mandible
what are the two processes on the mandible?
condylar process and coronoid process
condylar more posterior
what other muscles are involved in mastication?
- digastric, mylohoid and geniohyoid (suprahyoids) assist in depressing the jaw
- in order for them to do so the hyoid bone must be fixed by the infrahyoids (thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid) (no cricothyroid - part of larynx)
where does the masseter originate from and insert onto?
originates on the zygomatic arch and inserts onto the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible
where do the pterygoid muscles originate from? and insertion?
lateral pterygoid originates from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate - inserts on condyle
the medial pterygoid originates the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate - inserts medial angle of mandible
what is sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?
- Sympathetic fibres to the parotid gland arise from the cervical sympathetic ganglia
- These fibres are vasomotor (blood vessel altering diameter) in action and are thought to reduce the secretion or thicken the saliva
which structures pass through the parotid gland?
the facial nerve and the external carotid artery
what does the external carotid artery divide into in the parotid gland?
maxillary and superficial temporal arteries - both terminal branches
which veins unite within the parotid gland to form what?
superficial temporal and maxillary veins unite within the parotid gland to form the retromandibular vein
what are branches of the facial artery? where does the facial artery come from?
- inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular
- branches off external carotid artery in the neck
what does the superficial temporal artery give rise to and what does this supply?
transverse facial artery which supplies the parotid gland & duct, the masseter, and the overlying skin
what does the maxillary artery give off?
mental artery (a terminal branch of ECA), which supplies the skin on the chin
where do the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries arise from?
ophthalmic artery, the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery
what are the different arteries and where do they supply on the face and scalp?
- Mental: muscles and skin of chin
- Inferior labial: lower lip
- Superior labial: upper lip, ala & septum of nose
- Lateral nasal: ala and dorsum of nose
- Angular: superior part of cheek and inferior eyelid
- Supratrochlear: muscles and skin of scalp
- Supraorbital: muscles and skin of forehead and scalp
- Posterior auricular: auricle and scalp posterior to auricle
- Occipital: scalp at the back of the head
- Superficial temporal: skin of frontal and temporal regions of scalp
which arteries supply the scalp?
supratrochlear, supraorbital, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital
describe the venous drainage of the face
- Superficial temporal vein unties with the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein
- The retromandibular vein passes through the parotid gland where it divides into anterior and posterior divisions of the retromandibular vein
- The anterior divisions join with the facial vein to form the common facial vein
- The common facial vein drains into the internal jugular vein
- The posterior division of the retromandibular vein unites with the posterior auricular vein, forming the external jugular vein
what are the lymph nodes of the face and scalp and what do they drain?
- Parotid nodes – lateral aspect of the face and scalp
- Submandibular nodes – lateral part of lower lip
- Submental nodes – chin and medial part of lower lip
- Occipital – back of scalp
- Retroauricular (mastoid) – scalp above the ear, auricle and external auditory meatus
what’s the route of the lymph nodes?
- Regional lymph nodes
- Deep cervical lymph nodes
- Jugular trunk
- Thoracic or right lymphatic duct
- IJV or brachiocephalic vein
muscles at each side of tongue meet where? what does this form?
at midline fibrous septum - the midline sulcus
what demarcates the anterior and posterior parts of the dorsal surface of the tongue?
sulcus terminalis
what connects the ventral suface of the tongue to the floor?
lingual frenulum
what mucosa is on either side of the tongue?
dorsal - specialised mucosa
ventral - lining mucosa
what’s the foramen cecum?
small midline depression at border between anterior and posterior portions - just behind the circumvallate papillae
- thyroid gland developed from this
what is the vallecula?
anterior surface of epiglottis
what are the filiform papillae sensitive to?
touch but not taste
what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- palatoglossus
- styloglossus
(only one coming from the chin - all from separate structures)
which muscle of the tongue is not innervate by the hypoglossal nerve?
palatoglossus - vagus nerve
what does the palatoglossus muscle do?
narrows the oropharyngeal isthmus while swallowing
what is the origin and insertion of genioglossus muscle?
arises from the superior part of the mental spine of mandible and inserts into the entire dorsum of the tongue and body of hyoid
which muscle retrudes and protrudes the tongue?
genioglossus protrudes
styloglossus retrudes and elevates sides of tongue
what is the origin and insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?
originates from the body and greater horn of hyoid and inserts into the inferior aspect of the sides of the tongue
what is the innervation of the tongue?
- Trigeminal – general sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue (lingual nerve)
- Facial – taste sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue (chorda tympani)
- Glossopharyngeal – general and taste sensations to posterior third of the tongue
- Hypoglossal – motor to all muscles of tongue except palatoglossus
- Pharyngeal plexus – motor to palatoglossus muscle
