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Medicine Sem 3 > Case 1 anatomy > Flashcards

Case 1 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

occipital lobes from the cerebellum

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2
Q

what is the diaphragmatic sellae?

A

a sheet of dura mater which attaches to the clinoid process of sphenoid bone - it covers the pituitary gland and contains an opening through which the infudibulum and hypophysial veins pass

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3
Q

does the subarachnoid space contain arteries/veins?

A

yes, even though the arachoid mater itself is avascular

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4
Q

what is the most important artery supplying the dura mater? how does it get to the dura mater?

A

middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery) - enters skull via foramen spinosum

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5
Q

what is the innervation of the dura mater?

A

innervated by branches of the vagus, trigeminal and first three cervical nerves

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6
Q

where does the lumbar cistern extend from and to? what is it?

A

L2-S2

enlargement of subarachnoid space, caudal to the conus medullaris, containing CSF and the cauda equina

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7
Q

what’s the denticulate ligament?

A

fibrous sheet of pia mater which suspends the spinal cord in the dural sac - it extends laterally from the spinal cord and attaches to the inner surface of the dural sac

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8
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1

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9
Q

where do the spinal dura and subarachnoid mater, and subarachnoid space terminate?

A

S2

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10
Q

where is a lumbar puncture usually inserted?

A

between L3 and L4 (or L4 and L5)

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11
Q

what is the supracristal plane?

A

spinous process of L4 is determined by this plane with transects the highest points of the iliac crests

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12
Q

what is secretes CSF?

A

group of specialised ependymal cells, choroid plexus, within each ventricle

(ependymal cells secrete it)

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13
Q

how are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle? how are they in relationship to each other?

A

interventricular foramen

third ventricle within the C of the lateral ventricles

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14
Q

how are the third and fourth ventricles connected?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

what’s in the middle of the spinal cord?

A

central/CSF canal

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16
Q

how is CSF returned to the venous system?

A

via the arachnoid villi - sections of arachnoid mater which project into the dural venous sinuses

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17
Q

what are cisterns? where are the different cisterns?

A

greater amounts of subarachnoid space

  • Pontocerebellar (pontine) cistern – lies anterior to the pons
  • Quadrigeminal cistern (cistern of the great vein) – located between the posterior part of the corpus callosum and the cerebellum, contains part of the great cerebral vein and the pineal gland
  • Interpeduncular (basal) cistern – located between the cerebral peduncles (not cerebellar) of the midbrain
  • Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) – the largest cistern, located between the cerebellum and the medulla – receives CSF from the median and lateral apertures
  • Cisterna ambiens – located on lateral aspect of the midbrain, it is continuous with quadrigeminal cistern
  • Chiasmatic cistern – lies inferior and anterior to the optic chiasma, contains the decussation of the optic nerve fibres
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18
Q

where are the dural venous sinuses - what makes them?

A

space in between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the brain

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19
Q

which sinuses form the internal jugular vein?

A

sigmoid sinus and inferior petrosal sinus

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20
Q

where are the petrosal sinuses?

A

super and inferior are between cavernous sinus and sigmoid sinus

21
Q

where is the confluence of sinuses?

A

where the superior sagittal, straight and transverse sinuses meet

22
Q

what connects cavernous sinuses?

A

anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses

23
Q

how does cavernous sinus differ from other dural venous sinuses? what traverses through the sinus and where? what is it in direct communication with?

A
  • it’s traversed by a number of trabeculae - give it sponge-like appearance - flow therefore quite slow
  • abducens nerve and internal carotid artery traverse through the sinus
  • oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary lie in its lateral wall
  • superior and inferior ophthalmic veins and pterygoid plexus
24
Q

what does the internal carotid artery pass through to get into the skull?

A

carotid canal (passes along superior surface of foramen lacerum but does not traverse it)

25
Q

what are the cerebellar arteries?

A
  • superior cerebellar
  • anterior inferior cerebellar
  • posterior inferior cerebellar
26
Q

what are the veins of the brain and what do they unite with? what are they like? what do they pass through?

A
  • thin walled and valveless
  • pass through arachnoid mater and meningeal layer of dura mater to empty into dural venous sinuses
  • great cerebral vein (of Galen) unites with inferior sagittal sinus (which is above it) to form the straight sinus
  • superior cerebral veins drains into the superior sagittal sinus
27
Q

is the ethmoid bone part of the neurocranium?

A

yes

28
Q

how many palatine bones are there?

A

2

29
Q

how many maxilla bones are there?

A

2

30
Q

what are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A
  • Palatine (x2)
  • Nasal (x2)
  • Inferior nasal concha (x2)
  • Maxilla (x2)
  • Zygomatic (x2)
  • Vomer (x1)
  • Mandible (x1)
  • Lacrimal (x2)
31
Q

what are sutures?

A

immovable fibrous joints

  • Most of the bones of the skull articulate with each other at immovable fibrous joints = sutures
  • The only exception to this is the temporomandibular joint
32
Q

what are intersections between sutures called? name them.

A

fontanelles

  • Anterior = bregma
  • Posterior = lambda
  • Anterolateral = pterion
  • Posterolateral = asterion
33
Q

what type of the joint is the TMJ?

A

synovial, modified hinge joint

34
Q

what are the superior articulating surfaces of the TMJ?

A

mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

35
Q

what is unusual about the TMJ?

A

unlike many synovial joints, the articular surfaces of the TMJ are not covered with hyaline cartilage but with fibrocartilage

36
Q

describe the TMJ

A
  • The joint cavity is divided into superior and inferior articular cavities by a fibrocartilaginous disc
  • In order for the jaw to fully open, the head of the mandible has to slide forward from the mandibular fossa onto the articular tubercle - this movement is termed translation and it occurs in the superior articular cavity
  • In the inferior articular cavity the head of the mandible rotates around a transverse axis (??)
  • The joint capsule is thickened laterally to form the lateral temporomandibular ligament which strengthens the joints and helps prevent posterior dislocation
  • The stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments are also associated with the TMJ
37
Q

which cranial fossa is the pituitary gland in?

A

middle

38
Q

which cranial fossa is the pons and medulla in?

A

posterior

39
Q

what are the boundaries of the temporal fossa?

A
  • Superior – inferior temporal line
  • Anterior – frontal process of zygomatic bone
  • Medial – parietal & temporal bone
  • Lateral – zygomatic arch
  • Inferior – infratemporal crest of sphenoid
  • Posterior – inferior temporal line
40
Q

what are the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?

A
  • Superior – greater wing of sphenoid
  • Anterior – maxillary tuberosity
  • Medial – lateral pterygoid plate
  • Lateral – ramus & coronoid process of mandible
41
Q

what are the boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa?

A
  • Superior – inferior surface of body of sphenoid
  • Anterior – maxillary tuberosity
  • Medial – vertical plate of palatine bone
  • Lateral – pterygomaxillary fissure
  • Inferior – pterygopalatine canal
  • Posterior – pterygoid process of sphenoid
42
Q

where is the mandibular foramen? symphysis?

A

inside on the ramus

line of junction when the two lateral halves of mandible typically fuse at an early period of life

43
Q

what bone is the infraorbital groove in?

A

maxilla

44
Q

where’s the basiocciput?

A

immediately in front of the foramen magnum - basilar part of occipital bone

45
Q

where’s the mandibular fossa?

A

on the zygomatic arch

46
Q

what’s the sella turcica?

A

saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone - the pituitary gland is located within the most inferior aspect

47
Q

where are the foramen rotundum, ovale and spinosum situated?

A

in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

48
Q

what are landmarks of the ethmoid bone?

A
  • Crista Galli
  • Cribriform plate
  • Perpendicular plate – descends from under surface of cribriform plate, and assists in forming septum
  • Superior & middle nasal conchae

Medicine Sem 3 (23 decks)

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