Case 15 + 16 questions Flashcards
The Endocrine process that precedes gonadarche
A progressive increase in gonadotrophin amplitude and frequency triggering an increase in FSH and LH production
What nutrient are people deficient in a vegan diet?
Vitamin B12
Role of the Hypothalamus
Regulates body water through stimulating the release of ADH (vasopressin)
Describe stress and its long term effects
Pathophysiological changes following exposure to diverse physical/ chemical or emotional challenges
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus in response to stress
Corticotropin releasing hormone, acts on the pituitary gland to release ACTH
How can chronic hyperactivation of the Hypothalmic Pituitary Axis (HPA) result in reduced immunity
Cortisol release suppresses leukocyte transmigration inhibiting leukocyte recruitment into the intestinal space
Timing of scrotal enlargement
Scrotal enlargement typically occurs before the commencement of nocturnal seminal fluid emissions. Scrotal and penile enlargement occurs about a year after testicular enlargement
The function of Thiamin (vitamin B1)
The synthesis of neurotransmitters
Positives and negatives of social media
POSITIVE
1) Improved development of social and real world relationships
2) Improved development of self identity
3) Improved development of self expression.
NEGATIVE
1) Increased risk of anxiety/depression
2) Increased risk of negative body image
3) Sleep deprivation affecting daily life
Examples of how a healthy lifestyle can help to prevent disease
1) Healthy eating - reduces chance of obesity (and subsequently risk of diabetes), heart disease, etc
2) Exercise - increases mood and reduced risk of mental health disease, reduced risk of heart disease etc
3) Good work/life balance - reduces risk of stress (and associated diseases) and anxiety, etc.
What type of vaccine is MMR
Live attenuated vaccine
Most common cause of tonsilitis
Streptococcus pyogenes
The cause of hearing loss that can apply to both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Tumour
A serotonin agonist which helps relieve headaches
Sumatriptan
Describe the middle ear
The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity which communicates to the nasopharynx via the pharyngotympanic tube
MoA of interferon based drugs
They are immunomodulators that enhance host defence
Nerve supply to the pinna
The facial and vagus nerve
The function of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear
To increase the amplification of sound waves reaching the middle ear
The venous sinus which is found at the junction between the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli and is triangular in cross section
Straight sinus
What factor is a prerequisate for eradication of a pathogen
A highly efficacious vaccine must be available
How do viral peptides aid the process of viral evasion
Viral peptides have ubiquitinylation and eventual degradation of MHC molecules
Whats the most common reason for a speech delay in children
Conductive hearing loss
What is the role of the basilar membrane in the cochlea
It spatially separates sound waves into different frequencies. Its positioned between the scala tympani and scala media but does not form a specific barrier
Describe perilymph
Its a potassium ion poor, sodium ion rich fluid which transmits vibrations of sound to the scala media
The virus that causes persistent and chronic infection
Hepatitis C
The dural reflection that projects into the transverse cerebral fissure
Tentorium cerebelli
Screening tests for hearing loss
Otoscopy:- to view ear canal and eardrum to look for (for example), infection, fluid effusion (otitis media) etc.
Rinne’s Test - tuning fork test to compare air conduction v bone conduction to differentiate between sensorineural or conductive deficits.
Weber’s Test - tuning fork test of bone conduction to both ears to aid differentiation between sensorineural or conductive deficits.
State the key stages of measles
1) Following infection the incubation period for the measles virus is around 10 days
2) This is followed by 2-4 days of pro-dromal symptoms (malaise, fever, cough etc)
3) Once symptoms appear, individual is infectious
4) Around 4 days after symptoms first appear the measles rash appears
5) Still infectious up to 4 days following rash appearance.
What are the next steps a GP must make when diagnosing a notifiable disease
1) Complete a notification form immediately on diagnosis of the suspected notifiable disease.
2) Don’t wait for laboratory confirmation of the suspected infection or contamination before notification.
What is a notifable disease
A notifiable disease is a disease that must be reported to public health authorities at the time it is diagnosed because it is potentially dangerous to human or animal health
