Case 14- Questions Flashcards
What measures resistance in the placenta
Uterine artery doppler
What causes physiological jaundice in babies
Reduced lifespan of red blood cells, immature hepatic enzymes, increased enterohepatic circulation
The anatomical landmark that is the approximate location of the pudendal nerve
Ischial spine
What is the ischiorectal fossa continuous with
The deep perineal pouch
What parts of the penis are found in the superficial perineal pouch
The bulb and crura of the penis
What does the scrotum develop from
The anterior abdominal wall
In what position can the uterus be palpated in a digital rectal exam
The uterus is in a retroflexed position
Relations of the ureter and uterine artery
The ureter passes under the uterine artery within the true pelvis (water passes under the bridge)
What can be accessed via the posterior and anterior vaginal fornix
Posterior- Rectouterine pouch
Anterior- Vesicouterine pouch
Describe the squamous metaplasia that can be seen in a diagnostic cervical screening
A benign non-cancerous change of epithelium to a squamous morphology. This typically happens at the ectocervix in adolescence and pregnancy
The most accurate definition of menopause
A transitional phase from mature reproductive function through the perimenopause to no ovarian function
The process that is mainly responsible for breast enlargement during puberty
Accumulation of lipids by adipocytes in the interlobar stroma.
The screening test for Down’s syndrome in the first trimester
Pregnancy associated plasma protein A, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin and a ultrasound scan
Tests for Down’s syndrome between 11 weeks and 13 weeks 6 days
The ‘combined test’- nuchal translucency, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, pregnancy associated plasma protein A
The events of mammogenesis
Progesterone causes the growth of the lobules within the breast
What forms the acrosome of the spermatozoa during cell remodeling/repackaging
Golgi apparatus
Changes that occur in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
Glands within the stroma gradually distend and become more torturous
The functional layer is 5-10mm during the secretory phase, the glands are more coiled
What occurs to the arteries towards the menstrual phase
There are prolonged periods of constriction in the spinal arteries
Gold standard for cervical assessment
Transvaginal ultrasound
The most common cause of maternal mortality in developing countries
Obstetric haemorrhage
The endocrine alteration found in women with PCOS
Excess androgens Increased oestrogen Increased LH Decreased FSH Decreased progesterone
The hormonal changes during the puerperium in breastfeeding women
Decrease in aldosterone
Drop in oestrogen and progesterone
Drop in thyroxine (T4)
Protective and risk factors for breast cancer with explanation
Age 50 - Increases risk - risk of all cancers increase with age due to ageing cells and increased risk of cell cycle mutations leading to cancerous cells
Family history - increases risk - first degree relatives of breast cancer cases, potential genetic mutations in family e.g. BRCA 1 or 2, p53 gene
First child below age 30 - reduces risk - reduces lifetime exposure to sex hormones such as oestrogens (increased exposure to sex hormones increases risk)
Breast feeding 4 months - reduces risk - reduces lifetime exposure to sex hormones such as oestrogens (increased exposure to sex hormones increases risk)
How does PCOS affect fertility
PCOS is associated with oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea and anovulation due to raised levels of androgens, gonadotrophins, gonadotrophin releasing hormone and hyperinsulinemia.
State the Somatosensory pathway involved in touch sensation
Dorsal column
Where does the dorsal column synapse from the left foot
Nucleus gracilis
The region within the CNS which is impinged will cause bilateral analgesia of the trunk
The crossing fibres in the spinal cord (ventral white commissure) between C5-T1o
The region within the CNS which is impinged will cause bilateral loss of discriminative touch, vibration and proprioception
The dorsal spinal cord between C5-T10
An example of commissural fibres
Corpus collosum
What causes malformation of the eyes, ears, mandible and palate
Abnormal development of the first pharyngeal arch
What would cause analgesia on the right side inferior to the belly button and loss of discrimination touch on the contralateral side
1) A lesion in the left region of the spinal cord at T`10
2) Fibres from the anterolateral pathway decussate immediately whilst fibres in the dorsal column ascend to the medulla before crossing over
Pacinian corpuscle
An encapsulates receptor which adapts rapidly to vibration
Path of the anterior corticospinal tract
The fibres of this tract descend on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord
Result of a lesion on the right side of the spinothalamic tract
Her left hand could not respond to pain and temperature after the incident
Structure of alpha motor neurone
Large diameter with thick myelination
Where are the sensations of touch, pressure and proprioception integrated
Somesthetic association area- within the Superior Parietal lobe
Describe the corticospinal tract
Most of the corticospinal tract decussates laterally and synapses either directly onto alpha motor neurones on onto interneurones in the ventral horn
Result of lower motor neurone lesion in the lower limb- reflexes
The Achilles reflex is weak or absent
Glial scar following a spinal cord injury
Reactive astrocytes form a physical barrier preventing regrowth of neurones through the scar
