Cartilage and bone

Question 1

The large ratio of GAGs: Type 2 collagen in cartilage serves what purpose?

Answer 1

It allows diffusion between chondrocytes and blood vessels

Question 2

Chrondrocytes lie in ……

Answer 2

Lacunae

Question 3

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 3

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Question 4

What is the function of chondrocytes?

Answer 4

They produce and maintain the extensive extracellular matrix

Question 5

Cartilage is surrounded by …….

Answer 5

Perichondrium

Question 6

Hyaline cartilage contains which type of collagen?

Answer 6

Type 2

Question 7

Give a location where hyaline cartilage may be found. (4)

Answer 7

• Respiratory passageways
• The ends of long bones
• The anterior ends of the ribs
• Foetal skeleton

Question 8

Hyaline cartilage ……… with age

Answer 8

Calcifies

Question 9

Elastic cartilage contains which types of fibres?

Answer 9

Type 2 collagen and elastic fibres

Question 10

Name the three locations elastic cartilage is found (3)

Answer 10

• Auditory tubes
• External ear
• Epiglottis

Question 11

Is the perichondrium present in elastic cartilage?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What types of fibres does fibrocartilage contain?

Answer 12

It contains type 2 and type 1 collagen in thick bundles

Question 13

What are the four locations where you would find fibrocartilage?

Answer 13

• Intervertebral discs
• Menisci
• Pubic symphysis
• Portions of tendons

Question 14

Fibrocartilage has a perichondrium. True or false?

Answer 14

False.

Question 15

What cell types are present in fibrocartilage?

Answer 15

Fibroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 16

Which bone type forms a network of fine bony columns of plates to combine strength with lightness?

Answer 16

Cancellous or spongy bone

Question 17

Compact bone is found where?

Answer 17

On the external surfaces of bone

Question 18

Bone is a vascular tissue. True or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Which type of bone contains Haversian canals and Volkmann’s canals?

Answer 19

Compact bone

Question 20

Which type of canal lies within the centre of an osteon?

Answer 20

Haversian canal

Question 21

What are canaliculi?

Answer 21

They are tiny interconnecting tunnels that link osteocytes and osteons

Question 22

Osteocytes lie in ……..

Answer 22

Lacunae

Question 23

What fills the gaps between the trabeculae in spongy bone?

Answer 23

Bone marrow

Question 24

How do osteoclasts break down bone?

Answer 24

Using H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes

Question 25

Why is bone marrow yellow in appearance?

Answer 25

Due to the presence of adipose tissue

Question 26

65% of bone is made of …… …….. crystals

Answer 26

Calcium hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 27

What is the most common protein in bone?

Answer 27

Type 1 collagen

Question 28

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 28

They synthesise the organic components of cells, making bones. They produce the osteoid matrix.

Question 29

What cell type is found in the lacunae cavities, making bone?

Answer 29

Osteocytes

Question 30

How do bone lamellae move to resist fracture?

Answer 30

They slip

Question 31

What are the four main steps of fracture repair?

Answer 31

1. Haematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodelling

Question 32

What processes (2) give rise to the formation of a bony callus of spongy bone?

Answer 32

Endochondral and intramembranous ossification

Question 33

Which cells invade to form a procallus in fracture repair?

Answer 33

Inflammatory cells

Question 34

The procallus is said to be rich in granulation tissue. What is granulation tissue?

Answer 34

Tissue rich in capillaries and fibroblast

Question 35

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

Answer 35

Avascular