Cartilage

Question 1

Role of perichondrium in Cartilage development

Answer 1

Perichondrium helps grow and maintain cartilage, interstitial growth is division of pre-existing chondrocytes, appositional growth involves differentiation from perichondrial cells

Question 2

Factors that favor cartilage degeneration

Answer 2

Incomplete regeneration and repair of cartilage
Damage triggers perichondrium to invade the lesioned areas and produce a dense connective tissue scar, chondrocytes enlarge then die then calcify
Joint damage classified by depth of lesion, partial (chondral) or full (osteochondral)
Chondrocytes environment and action favor degeneration

Question 3

Factors that hinder cartilage degeneration

Answer 3

Hindering it is loading, controlled compression provides opportunity for fluid flow, adding and releasing compression allows the fluid to flow back and provide the opportunity for exchange of the fluid

Non-surgical repair – bone marrow stimulation and microfracture, autografting, bioactive polymers and stem cells
Microfracture – small holes across lesion to bring bone marrow cells to the lesion and help with repair

Question 4

Cells in synovial Joint

Answer 4

Articular surfaces of bone covered with hyaline cartilage lined separated by synovial fluid (hyaluronic acid). Where as non- articulating surfaces lined by synovial membrane (consist of synoviocytes – fibroblast/macrophage like produce synovial fluid & loose CT)

Question 5

Chondrodystrophies

Answer 5

Affecting cartilage growth & replacement by bone (achondroplasia)

Question 6

Achondroplasia

Answer 6

Low chondrocyte growth @ epiphyseal plates (dwarfism)

Question 7

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 7

Chronic inflammation in synovial lining of joints

Question 8

OA

Answer 8

Articular cartilage changes from stress/aging/injury “wear and tear”

Question 9

Chondromas

Answer 9

Benign tumors form epiphyseal cartilage

Question 10

Chondrosarcomas

Answer 10

Malignant neoplasms from cartilage

Question 11

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 11

ear, laynx, yellow, elastin, perichondrium, flexibility of joints (Collagen 2, Proteoglycans)

Question 12

Fibrocartilage

Answer 12

Vertebral column, pubic symphysis, sites of ligament/tendon insertion

Type 1 collagen, no perichondrium, nucleus pulposus, rich hyaluronic acid/type2 fibers,

Tensile strength

Question 13

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 13

Joints, Trachea, costal cartliage, nose,

Perichondrium, chondrocytes divide until stop growing calfication w/age

Collagen 2, Proteoglycans

Smooth frictionless movement of joint surfaces