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Biomechanics/Kinesiology PT1 > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

function of cartilage

A

movement, gliding, limiting friction, distribute loads over a wide area and absorb shock

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2
Q

structure of articular cartilage

A

has specialized form of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of all bones, surface appears smooth but actually has pits and ridges

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3
Q

Chondrocytes

A

account for 10% of tissue volume and are responsible for producing and maintaining the organic composition of articular cartilage (collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)

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4
Q

Collagen makes up what net weight of cartilage

A

10-30%

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5
Q

Proteoglycans make up what net weight of cartilage

A

3-10%

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6
Q

what is the predominant factor to net weight in cartilage

A

water, 60-87% (along with inorganic salts)

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7
Q

what is the predominant collagen type in articular cartilages

A

type II, resists compression

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8
Q

Collagen function in cartilage

A

provides the ECM framework and tensile strength of articular cartilage

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9
Q

are proteoglycans positive or negatively charged?!

A

negative they are polyionic

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10
Q

compression of PGs results in

A

increased repulsive forces between the PGs and increased compressive stiffness

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11
Q

when tissue is loaded… up to ____ % of water can be moved

A

70

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12
Q

Nutrition of cartilage means

A

cartilage becomes less stiff and more permeable due to increased water content

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13
Q

Superficial/tangential zone

A

structure: sheets of fine, densely packed fibers randomly woven in planes PARALLEL to the articular surface
function: resists shearing forces on the surface by decreasing friction and distributing the force
resists compression with type 1 collagen

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14
Q

Middle zone

A

fibers are randomly oriented and homogenously dispersed to surround the chondrocytes

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15
Q

deep zone

A

collagen fibers are oriented with pattern in tightly packed bundles, fibers are perpendicular to the surface

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16
Q

tidemark

A

interface b/w articular cartilage and the calcified cartilage beneath is, anchors the cartilage to the underlying bone

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17
Q

where does articular cartilage show less healing when injured

A

above the tidemark

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18
Q

why does below the tidemark heal faster?

A

the healing/inflammation from the subchondral bone occurs so there is increased blood flow and faster healing than a superficial wound

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19
Q

Subchondral bone

A

highly organized
trabecular bone interlocks and align in a matrix configuration
designed to counteract the line of application of the average load to the joint

20
Q

What provides the nutrition to articular cartilage

A

synovial fluid through compression and decompression of the cartilage surface (we need non-destructive motion of the joint) AKA MOVEMENT

21
Q

where is permeability of AC the highest

A

near the joint line

22
Q

where is permeability the lowest in AC

A

in the deep zone

23
Q

Permeability changes with deformation

A

as it is compressed, the permeability decreases

articular cartilage is highly porous but very low in permeability

24
Q

how much synovial fluid is in the synovial space of the knee

A

about 4 mL

25
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

exchange metabolites with the vasculature in synovial lining, nutrients, contains Lubrican and hyaluronic acid to add viscosity
decreases friction, nutrition and distributes forces

26
Q

Rapid loading

A

there is no time for the fluid to flow out so pressure from the interstitial fluid rather than the solid matrix, supports a significant portion of the load

27
Q

slow loading

A

fluid pressure decreases and STRESS increases in the solid matrix
the negatively charged GAGS push away

28
Q

CREEP

A

sustained load
articular cartilage deforms under a constant load (like braces)
as the rate of displacement slows, fluid flow slows too
equilibrium= displacement is constant and fluid flow has stopped (takes a several thousand seconds 4-6 hours

29
Q

what contributes to the stress rise

A

associated with fluid exudation

30
Q

stress relaxation=

A

fluid redistribution within the porous solid matrix

31
Q

Where does the collagen resist TENSION

A

collagen in the superficial tangential zone

32
Q

extracellular framework and tensile strength

A

provides the joint cartilage with a tough, wear resistant, protective skin

33
Q

Monolayer of synovial fluid

A

it is absorbed on each surface so there is no direct contact surface to surface which prevents surface wear

34
Q

Fluid Film

A

thin layer of freestanding lubricant between sliding surfaces to decrease surface to surface contact area

35
Q

what does fluid film rely on

A

viscosity

36
Q

Hydrodynamic fluid film

A

occurs when rigid bearing surfaces which are not parallel and are separated by a fluid film
SLIDING IS TANGENTIAL

37
Q

Squeeze film

A

occurs when the bearing surfaces are moving PERPENDICULARLY towards each other
viscosity of fluid produces pressure that tends to force the lubricant out

38
Q

weeping

A

joint load is borne by hydrostatic pressure of the synovial fluid escaping from the cartilage

39
Q

boosted lubrication

A

as the load is applied, synovial fluid is trapped in the cartilage, toward the subchondral bone at the point of contact

40
Q

causes to articular cartilage degeneration

A 
increased stress
wear and tear
high load over extended period of time 
chemical insults 
metabolic factors
41
Q

Histological changes of articular cartilage

A

increased water content secondary to freeing of GAGs
loss of PGs leading to decreased mechanical properties
PGs less dense between fibers (poor matrix support)

42
Q

Interfacial adhesive wear

A

fragments stick and pull away from the surface

43
Q

interfacial abrasive wear

A

soft material scraped by harder material

44
Q

fatigue wear

A

accumulation of microscopic damage under repetitive stresses

45
Q

superficial cartilage trauma

A

no inflammatory response

minimal healing

46
Q

healing of deep cartilage lesion

A

local bleeding from subchondral bone produces hematoma that becomes organized and invaded by granulation tissue
flakes of the cartilage break away into the joint space
which decreases the energy absorbing function and stimulating the subchondral bone plate

47
Q

immobilization on articular cartilage

A

decreased PG aggregation
increased water content
AC is softer and weaker

Biomechanics/Kinesiology PT1 (6 decks)

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