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Biomechanics/Kinesiology PT1 > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Function of bone

A

support/protect, produce RBCs, facilitation of movement, storage of minerals

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2
Q

Three structural components of bone

A

Diaphysis, Metaphysis and Epiphysis

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3
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

epiphysis

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4
Q

where is red bone marrow

A

the spongy bone

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5
Q

where is yellow bone marrow

A

the diaphysis or the shaft of the bone

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6
Q

Composition of bone

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

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7
Q

Bone cells

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic

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8
Q

fibroblasts

A

produce collagen and other components of the ECM

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9
Q

osteoblasts

A

form new bone, synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts
located in the epiphyseal plate, endosteum and periosteum

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10
Q

osteocytes

A

lo longer forming bone cells there just maintain the mineral concentration, these are entrapped in the matrix

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11
Q

osteoclasts

A

actually “eat” the osteocytes, to reabsorb bone

are found on bone surfaces and at injury sites

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12
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

differentiate into osteoblasts

located in the deep periosteum and the bone marrow

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13
Q

types of bone

A

cortical and cancellous

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14
Q

what are the thin plates in the spongy bone

what is the function of them?

A

trabeculae; to distribute contact stresses and absorb dynamic loads
the arrangement of them show how the stress is applied

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15
Q

What does it mean that trabeculae is anistropic?

A

the bone withstands force in different directions but not all the same amount. The bone will be stronger in some directions than others

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16
Q

periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer

contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph, encases the endosteum so tendons and ligaments attach here, thinner

17
Q

endosteum

A

contains the central canals and surrounds the bone marrow

18
Q

Woven bone

A

collagen fibers are irregularly arranged to form a pattern of alternating coarse and fine fibers
FOUND IN NEWBORNS OR CALLUSES

19
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

mature bone; makes up most of the adult skeleton

20
Q

Osteogenic layer

A

the innermost layer
contains fibroblasts, stem cells and osteoblasts
decreased healing here
sharpeys fibers connect to the deeper layers of bone

21
Q

Compact bone and blood supply

A

vessels run up/down through the Haversian canals or central canals

22
Q

Cancellous bone and blood flow

A

blood vessels in the periosteum and blood in the marrow cavities
has very good blood supply

23
Q

Types of loads that occur on bone

A

tension, compression, shear, torsion and combined loading

24
Q

what type of force is bone the most capable of resisting

A

compression

25
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone remodels in response to external stresses, weight bearing and muscular tension

26
Q

Cortical bone is ____ than cancellous bone (looser or stiffer)

A

stiffer

27
Q

cortical bone can withstand more ___ than cancellous bone but less ____ than cancellous bone

A

stress, strain

28
Q

before failing, cancellous bone can sustain ____ % strain

A

75% strain

29
Q

Cancellous bone stress and strain

A

LOW STRESS HIGH STRAIN

30
Q

Cortical bone stress and strain

A

HIGH STRESS LOW STRAIN

fails if strain is >2%

31
Q

High loads over a short time will produce

A

high stress, low stiffness and greater load before fracture

32
Q

low loads over long periods of time will produce

A

not as stiff or strong, fractures under lower loads, HIGH STRAIN

33
Q

What happens when bone is immobilized

A

the bone is reabsorbed but not produced
there is decreased collagen synthesis and mineral content (regional osteopenia)
and weakened connections of tendons and ligaments

34
Q

cancellous bone healing

A

there is little or no callus formation

healing occurs through direct osteoblastic activity

35
Q

Cortical bone healing steps

A
  1. inflammation
  2. soft callus (blood clot replaced by fibrous tissue/cartilage)
  3. hard callus (woven bone deposited on both sides of fracture site, eventually forms a collar around the bone)
  4. remodeling of bone until it is lamellar
36
Q

Aging effects

A

bone density starts to decline at the age of 30
post-menopausal at risk for osteoporosis due to loss of estrogen
bone stiffness decreases and has a decreased load to failure

37
Q

effect of repeated loading

A

can cause permanent strain and bone failure due to less stiffness, more deformation and a lower load to failure

Biomechanics/Kinesiology PT1 (6 decks)

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