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B - General Commercial > Carpentry and Building Construction > Flashcards

Carpentry and Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Grade

A

Refers to the level of the ground where it will meet the foundation

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2
Q

Batter board

A

Fastened horizontally to stakes placed to the outside of where the corners of the building will be located. The height of the board may be the height of the foundation wall.

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3
Q

Differential leveling

A

The process of determining differences in elevation between points that are remote from each other

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4
Q

Typical distance from the top of a foundation to the grade is?

A

8”

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5
Q

Wall Studs

A

Lumber that function as a framing element for a structure; they support walls. Typically spaced either at 12”, 16” 24” and 28” on-center when measured from ctr. to ctr. along the wall and run between the top plate and the sole plate.

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6
Q

How do you calculate the quantity of Framing Members needed?

A

Length’/Spacing’ + 1 = Framing Members

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7
Q

Floor Joists

A

Typically spaced 16 inches apart on center. This means from the center of one upright joist to the center of the next joist, accounting for 2” x 8”s being 1-3/4” wide, there are 14-1/4” between each joist.

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8
Q

Rafters

A

Typically spaced 12”, 16” and 24” apart on center. The measurement is taken from the center of the horizontal surface to the center of the next rafter.

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9
Q

Calculating Board Feet

A

(Number of Pieces x Thickness (in) X Width (in) x Length(ft))/12

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10
Q

Crazing

A

Appearance of fine cracks that appear in irregular patterns over the surface of the concrete.

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11
Q

Concrete slump - slabs vs columns

A

Slabs - min. 1” to 4” slump
Columns/Wall - min. 4” to 8” slump

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12
Q

To be sure batter board corners are square:

A

1) Measure the diagonals of the completed layout to see if they are the same length….
2) The corners can also be squared by using the 3-4-5 method

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13
Q

Minimum distance between batter boards and the foundation wall.

A

4’-0”

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14
Q

Haunch Boards

A

2x4 lumber are used to form the sides and brace footings to prevent concrete spread while it’s still wet.

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15
Q

The vertical step on a stepped footing should be limited to what height on steep slopes?

A

2 feet in height

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16
Q

Wales

A

Horizontal members used to brace forms.

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17
Q

Medium density overlap (MDO)

A

Thermosetting resin overlay - resists moisture, chemicals and abrasion. Creates a matte or flat finish on the concrete surface.

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18
Q

High-density overlay (HDO)

A

Thermosetting resin impregnated - add stability, repel foreign substances and smoother forming surface. Treated with a release agent prior to first use.

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19
Q

Mill-oiled plywood

A

Moisture resistant adhesive

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20
Q

Sill

A

The sill plate is made with wood lumber—usually 2 x 6 or larger—laid face-down on top of the masonry foundation wall. Together, the sill plates run along the entire foundation. The first-floor frame is built on top of, and anchored into, the sill plates

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21
Q

Pilaster

A

Are projections resembling columns that may be used to strengthen a wall under a beam or girder.

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22
Q

What is the actual dimension of a standard block?

A

The nominal dimensions allow for the thickness and width of a standard 3/8” mortar joint. Thus, the actual dimension is 7-5/8” high by 15-5/8” long.

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23
Q

Properties of Mortar

A

Portland cement improves strength.
Lime reduces compressive strength but increases flexibility and makes the mortar “stickier”
Sand reduces shrinkage as the mortar cures.

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24
Q

When the air temperature is 80F, what time frame should mortar be used within?

A

2-1/2 hours

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25
Q

Parging a wall means?

A

A form of moisture protection - is the process of spreading mortar or cement plaster over block (1/2” coat is typ.)

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26
Q

What are softwoods?

A

Milled from conifer trees (trees which has needles and produces cones). Pine, Cedar, Fir, Spruce and Redwood.

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27
Q

Quarter-Sawn Boards

A

Lumber cut with rings at angles of 45 to straight-up; Lumber is more stable due to reduced shrinkage, twisting, checking, cupping and splitting.

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28
Q

Fiber-Saturation Point

A

Drying the wood until its moisture is roughly 28% does not result in shrinkage.

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29
Q

Dressed Wood Sizes

A

Apply after the wood has shrunk and been surfaced with a planning machine.

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30
Q

Shake

A

A lengthwise grain separation between or through the growth rings. It may be further classified as ring shake.

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31
Q

Decay-resistant woods

A

When untreated, the sapwood of all common native woods has low resistance to decay.

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32
Q

Plywood Composition

A

Plywood consists of layers of wood veneer. The grain of each layer runs at a right angle to the layer adjacent to it.

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33
Q

How Plywood Veneer is Graded

A

Veneer quality - the quality of the veneer is specified by a letter ranging from A (highest) to D (lowest).

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34
Q

Proper plywood storage

A

Plywood should be stored indoors until is ready for use and is delivered to the job site with wood spacers sitting 1-1/2” above the ground.

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35
Q

What is OSB?

A

Oriented-Strand Board is made from wood strands bonded with adhesive under heat and pressure.

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36
Q

What is an I-joist?

A

I-joists are strong, lightweight, “I” shaped engineered wood structural member ideal for long spans (floor and roof framing).

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37
Q

What is a beam camber?

A

A slight curve upward - the beam must be installed with the curve oriented up.

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38
Q

In framing systems, what do second-floor joists bear on?

A

1x4 ribbons cut into the inside edges of the studs.

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39
Q

Shear Wall

A

Designed to resist lateral (sideways) forces.

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40
Q

Connection - standard joist hanger elevations?

A

The top edge of a joist must be at the same level as the top edge of an intersecting beam.

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41
Q

Floor framing consists of?

A

Posts, girders, sill plates, joists, trusses and subflooring.

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42
Q

Girder

A

A large principal horizontal member used to support floor joists.

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43
Q

Bridging location on joists?

A

If the joists are over 8’ long, install one row of bridging at the center of the joist span.

For joists 16’ and longer, install two rows of bridging equally spaced on the joist span.

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44
Q

When should joists be doubled?

A

Framing under bearing walls that is parallel to the joists.

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45
Q

To prevent panel buckling on subflooring, space all panel edges and end joints to the following recommended spacing.

A

1/8”

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46
Q

Stud

A

Vertical framing member

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47
Q

King stud

A

the full-length stud on either stud of an opening

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48
Q

Sole plate

A

is the bottom plate that ties the bottom ends of the studs together

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49
Q

Header or lintel

A

The header/lintel supports structural loads above the opening and transfers them to framing on each side of the opening.

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50
Q

What is the measurement from the bottom of the soffit to finished floor?

A

84”

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51
Q

Fireblocking

A

Meant to slow the passage of flames through wall cavities.

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52
Q

Span

A

The distance between the outer edges of the top plates.

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53
Q

What is the run of a roof slope?

A

It’s one-half the span

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54
Q

Roofing plumb cut

A

A cut in a vertical plane - a rafter that is designed to butt vertically against a ridgeboard.

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55
Q

Roofing seat cut

A

A cut at the outer end of a rafter that adapts it to fit the plate and normally has the form of a right-angled notch.

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56
Q

Bird’s Mouth Cut

A

A birdsmouth is the little triangular cutout in the bottom of a rafter that provides a flat area so the rafter can rest solidly on—and be solidly attached to—a wall top plate.

The rule of thumb when cutting a birdsmouth is to never remove more than one-third of the depth of the rafter to maintain the rafter’s structural integrity.

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57
Q

Three types of roof trusses

A

King-Post - Gable truss for a pitched or peaked roof. One main ctr. king post that meets at center peak.
Fink - (“W” Truss) Gable truss for a pitched or peaked roof with two triangles for more stability.
Scissor - utilized for vaulted ceilings; lower chords slope up, creating the peak for a vaulted ceiling.

58
Q

Hip Rafter

A

The rafter extending from the wall plate to the ridge and forming the angle of a hip roof. They form 45 degree angles with the edges of the building.

59
Q

Jack Rafter

A

Sits on the building’s wall and runs up to the hip jack. It is used in finishing off the end of the roof where it meets the of the building.

60
Q

Valley Rafter

A

The rafter running from the wall plate to the ridge and along the valley of a valley roof. Always run at a 45 degree angle to the building perimeter and the ridge boards.

61
Q

Theoretical length of the ridge board?

A

= length of building - 2xtotal run of a main roof common rafter

62
Q

Collar Tie

A

Is a tension tie in the upper third of opposing gable rafter that is intended to resist rafter separation from the ridge beam during periods of unbalanced loads.

Must be at least 1 x 4 inches, spaced not more than 4 feet OC.

63
Q

What are the three cornice types?

A

A) Open Cornice - overhanging eaves with exposed rafter, visible from below, the ends of which are sometimes shaped to look like attractive brackets.
B) Box Cornice - enclose the cornice of the building.
C) Closed Cornice - there is no projection of the rafters beyond the walls of the building and therefore no soffit and no fascia.

64
Q

What size nails and what spacing should be used when attaching the plywood soffit to the lookout and ledger strip?

A

4d galvanized nails spaced about 6” apart

65
Q

How do you read a plywood span rating?

A

The span rating on sheathing span panels appears as two numbers separated by a slash (32/16). The first number is the maximum o.c. support spacing in inches for roof sheathing. The second is the maximum o.c. support spacing when the panel is used for subflooring.

66
Q

Roof panel roof sheathing should be laid with the grain?

A

(the long dimension) perpendicular to the rafters

67
Q

What is window glazing?

A

The glass portion of the window

68
Q

What is the window sash?

A

Is the part that holds the glazing.

69
Q

Double-hung windows

A

The double-hung window consists of an upper and a lower sash that slide up and down in channels in side jambs

70
Q

What is the U-factor for windows?

A

It measures how well the window insulates. In general for windows, it ranges from 0.20 to 1.20. The lower the factor the better the window insulates.

71
Q

What is the solar heat gain coefficient (SGHC)?

A

Measures how much of the sun’s heat comes through the window. It can range in value from 0 to 1. The lower the SHGC the less solar heat the window lets in.

72
Q

How are rough-opening sizes called out for windows?

A

Width and then height (dimensions)

73
Q

What is the mounting clearance required above the top of sectional overhead door?

A

12”

74
Q

How much bigger should the opening be when installing a door frame?

A

2” wider and 2” higher

75
Q

What is the standard interior door thickness and height?

A

1-3/8” thick
6’-8” standard height

76
Q

What are the application details for wide sheet roll roofing?

A
  • 17” exposure
  • 6” end lap
  • Overlap eaves 1/4” to 3/8”
77
Q

What are the four purposes of roof underlayment?

A
  1. Protects the sheathing and house interior from moisture until the shingles can be applied.
  2. It provides a second layer of weather protection.
  3. It prevents asphalt shingles from sticking to the sheathing.
  4. It prevents condensation on the sheathing.
78
Q

What is angled flashing?

A

Also referred to as drip edge, it protects the edge of the roof - it can be galvanized steel (26 gauge), 0.019” thick aluminum, 16 oz. copper.

79
Q

What is step flashing?

A

Wherever a sloped roof meets a vertical surface such as a wall or the sides of a chimney.

80
Q

Where is a drip edge installed?

A

Applied to the sheathing and under the underlayment at the eaves but over the underlayment at the rake.

81
Q

How many shingles are in a bundle? And how many bundles are in a square of roofing?

A

25 shingles in a bundle
3 bundles in a square of roofing

82
Q

How many nails are required for a three-tab shingle?

A

Four

83
Q

How are the shingles applied?

A

5” exposure
The four nails placed 5/8” above the top of the cutouts

84
Q

What is a closed-cut valley?

A

A 3” wide strip of asphalt cement is applied under the cut ends and no fasteners are installed within 6” of the valley.

85
Q

How many nails are required for wood shingles and shakes?

A

two

86
Q

What is the required slope for metal gutters?

A

Slope at least 1” every 16’ toward the downspouts - the maximum distance should not exceed 25’

87
Q

What is the minimum overlap for wood bevel siding?

A

The minimum overlap is 1” for 4” and 6” widths and
1-1/4” for widths over 6”

88
Q

What are the three applications of stucco?

A

Scratch Coat
Brown Coat
Finish Coat

89
Q

Do not apply stucco when the temperature is below?

A

40F

90
Q

What are the four types of Mortar?

A

Type M
Type S
Type N (general purpose)
Type O

91
Q

What is retempering of Mortar?

A

The process of adding water to a batch of mortar that has become too stiff to work.

92
Q

What is a stair gooseneck?

A

The curved piece between the main handrail and a newel post.

93
Q

What is a newel?

A

A post that supports the handrail at the top and bottom.

94
Q

When should a third stringer be installed in the middle of the stairs?

A

When the treads are less than 1-1/8” thick or if the stairs are more than 2’-6” wide.

95
Q

What is the minimum amount of remaining stringer after notching?

A

3-1/2”

96
Q

What is chair rail?

A

Is a molding that runs horizontally across walls at 3’ to 4’ from the floor?

97
Q

What is the typical depth of a kitchen cabinet?

A

12”

98
Q

What are the typical dimensions for bathroom cabinets?

A

30” high and 21” deep

99
Q

How is a general purpose circuit wired?

A

With No. 14 wire and connected to a 15 A circuit breaker

100
Q

What is wood’s thermal resistance (R)?

A

1.25

101
Q

What is the width of batts and blankets?

A

15” wide (low density R-11)

102
Q

What is the R-value of loos fill fiberglass insulation?

A

R-2.5 per inch

103
Q

What is an STC rating?

A

Sound transmission class is a rating of sound isolation of a building wall. The higher the STC rating, the better sound isolation the wall assembly is to achieve (25-65).

104
Q

What is the Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating of 8” concrete?

A

45

105
Q

What is the thickness of Type-X fire code drywall?

A

5/8” thick

106
Q

What is a drywall corner bead?

A

A vinyl or galvanized metal strip that reinforces and protects the corner. It comes in 8’ and 10’ lengths.

107
Q

All paints contain the following -

A

Pigments
Binder
Carrier

108
Q

What is a primer?

A

A paint that has a higher proportion of binder than standard paint.

109
Q

How long should concrete cure before installing wood flooring?

A

At least two months

110
Q

During balloon-frame construction, the second-floor joists will bear on _____ that have been cut into the edges of the studs.

A

Ribbons

111
Q

Total run for stairs is?

A

The horizontal length of the stairs

112
Q

What is the minimum size fastener for a clip angle?

A

10 screw

113
Q

When working with metal framing, the maximum off center spacing between the centerlines of framing member is?

A

3/4”

114
Q

In steel construction, what is considered the top plate?

A

track

115
Q

Which type of general-purpose mortar is suitable for use in exposed masonry above grade?

A

Type N

116
Q

For a wall that is 16” O.C., what is the width of batt insulation?

A

15”

117
Q

To prevent metal joists from rolling or twisting in the tracks, the bottom steel flanges are braced with what?

A

Blocking, steel strap, gypsum board.

118
Q

Flashing is to be used above a window. The flashing is to be installed in the following manner:

A

The upper leg fits beneath both the siding material and the building paper.

119
Q

How many square feet is in a square of roofing?

A

100 square feet

120
Q

When using latex paints outside, the outside temperature must stay above____ degrees F, at least 24 hours after application.

A

50F

121
Q

Radiating treads are called?

A

Winders

122
Q

What type of insulation is often used in the ceiling?

A

Blanket

123
Q

Excluding the dry southwest, when installing wood side material, it is recommended that the moisture content should be more than_____%

A

approximately 12%

124
Q

A metal continuous-span joist requires a stiffener. What is the minimum size fastener is required for this stiffener?

A

8

125
Q

Thin metal rods used to fasten the sides of the forms before concrete is placed are_______.

A

Snap ties

126
Q

Batt insulation is secured by_____.

A

Using continuous tabs on the sides of the facing.

127
Q

This cabinet door hinge is a very common type of hinge that is used on cabinetry in the US and it consists of two plates connected with a pin. This hinge is a _____

A

barrel hinge

128
Q

Footing drains should be sloped toward the drain t least at ____ per foot.

A

1/8

129
Q

What tool provides for both a straight edge and assists with the thickness of the plaster?

A

Ground

130
Q

The splash block for downspouts should be at least ____ long

A

3’

131
Q

Where a slope ceiling is insulated, how much free space should be between the sheathing and the insulation?

A

1-1/2”

132
Q

What is the clearance required between the end of a built-up girder and the masonry pocket?

A

1/2”

133
Q

New wood should contain no more than ______ % moisture.

A

12-15%

134
Q

The type of door that consists of both stiles and rails is a __________.

A

Raised-panel door

135
Q

Rebar is shipped to a jobsite in lengths of ________feet.

A

20

136
Q

Grout shall be placed within _____ hours after water has been added

A

1.5 hours

137
Q

Glazing, adjacent to a stairway, where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than _____ inches measured vertically above a walking surface of a stairway, is considered a hazardous location.

A

60 inches

138
Q

Covered walkways shall have a design load of not less than _________.

A

150psf

139
Q

Posts, that support a permanent structure and is supported by concrete shall not be __________.

A

Kiln dried pine lumber

140
Q

The maximum notching of a bearing wood stud shall not exceed _________/

A

25% depth of the stud

141
Q

Which grade of rust is a steel surface covered with both mill scale and rust?

A

Rust Grade B

B - General Commercial (9 decks)

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