Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 2 > Caring For The Newborn > Flashcards

Caring For The Newborn Flashcards

1
Q

How does the fetus transition into a newborn

A

As it begins to breathe, the lungs expand with air and pulmonary vascular resistance drops. Blood flows to the lungs for gas exchange. Anything that delays this can lead to delayed transition with hypoxia, possible brain damage and potentially death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A

Appearance (skin colour)
Pulse rate
Grimace
Activity
Respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Appearance scores

A

Completely pink -2
Body pink, extremities blue -1
Centrally blue, pale -0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pulse scores

A

> 100 - 2
<100 - 1
Absent -0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Grimace scores

A

Cries- 2
-grimaces 1
No response 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Activity scores

A

Active motion -2
Some flexion of extremities -1
Limp - 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Respiratory scores

A

Strong cry -2
Slow and irregular - 1
Absent -0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When to use OPAs

A

-Bilateral choanal atresia
-Pierre Robin Sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can cause Apnea

A

-prematurity
-GERD
-Drug-induced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to treat apnea

A

Respiratory support to minimize hypoxic brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a premature baby

A

Delivered before 37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a low birth weight

A

Less than 2,500g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Factors for prematurity

A

-genetic
-infection
Cervical incompetence
-uterine abnormalities
-abruption
Multiple gestations
Drug use by mother
Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Factors for low birth weight

A

Chronic maternal hypertension
Smoking
Placental anomalies
Chromosomal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the four types of seizures

A

-subtle seizure
-tonic seizure
-focal clonic seizure
-Myoclonic seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a subtle seizure

A

Eye movement, sucking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a tonic seizure

A

Constant contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a focal clonic seizure

A

Contraction and relaxation of muscle group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a myoclonic seizure

A

Jerking motion of extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does multifocal mean?

A

Refers to asynchronous, different areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does generalized mean

A

Same presentation on both sides

22
Q

What are some causes of seizures

A

-hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
-hypoglycemia
-hypocalcemia
-meningitis
-epilepsy

23
Q

What is hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

A

Usually secondary to asphyxia just before or shortly after birth
The most common cause of seizures
Usually only occur in the first 24hrs as brain swelling usually goes down after this

24
Q

What causes hypoglycemia in infants?

A

Small infants
Large infants
Mothers who were diabetic during pregnancy

25
Q

What to do for Gastroschisis / omphalocele

A

Place newborn in a bag from the waist down, nurse infant on unaffected side, monitor colour of intestines

26
Q

What is the average normal temperature of a newborn?

A

37.5C

27
Q

What is non-shivering thermogenesis

A

Production of heat by metabolism of brown fat

28
Q

Ways in which babies lose heat

A

Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Radiation

29
Q

Evaporation prevention

A

Dry baby well and keep dry. Use dry sheets to wrap them in, not the ones used to dry them off

30
Q

Convection

A

The air passing over the baby

31
Q

Conduction

A

Placing baby on cold surfaces

32
Q

Radiation

A

Just being in a cold environment

33
Q

What is considered a fever in a newborn

A

Temperature greater than 38C

34
Q

What causes a fever

A

Overheating
Dehydration is an important consideration in breast feeding babies
They have a limited ability to control temperature
-do not sweat to allow cooling
-do not shiver to raise their temp

35
Q

What to do when you suspect a seizure

A

Observe the newborn for the presence or rashes
Obtain a careful history
Obtain the newborns vitals
Remove additional layers of clothing and improve environmental ventilation

36
Q

Symptoms of hypothermia

A

-cool to the touch
-Initially in the extremities
-may be pale and have acrocyanosis
May become lethargic

37
Q

What is considered hypoglycemic for an infant

A

BGL less than 2.6

38
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

Cyanosis, apnea, irritability, poor sucking or feeding and hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, vomiting

39
Q

Management of hypoglycaemia

A

-check BGL
-direct medical control may order 10% dextrose solution
-maintain temperature

40
Q

When is vomiting a concern

A

-if it is persistent or if it contains blood

41
Q

What are some causes of vomiting

A

Pyloric stenosis
Esophageal atresia with or without distal fistula
GERD
Malrotation
Hirschprung disease

42
Q

What is esophageal atresia

A

Congenital defect
Infants are excessively mucousy
May choke when attempting to feed

43
Q

GERD presentation

A

Most commonly seen in infancy
May vomit immediately or a few hours after a feeding

44
Q

What is pyloric stenosis

A

Narrowing of opening between stomach and intestine
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pylorus
Stomach muscles contract forcibly causing vomiting

45
Q

What is malrotation

A

Congenital anaomaly of the midgut
Small bowel is found on the right side of the abdomen

46
Q

What is hirschsprung disease

A

Meconium plug syndrome
Last segment of colon fails to relax
Usually a history of not passing meconium in the first 24hrs of life

47
Q

How many stools per day is normal for an infant

A

5-6

48
Q

What causes acute diarrhea

A

-Viral infection
Gastroenteritis
Lactose intolerance
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (withdrawal)
Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism)
Cystic fibrosis

49
Q

Symptoms of severe diarrhea

A

Generally look ill
Poor vitals
Delayed cap refill
Dry mucous membranes
Absent tears
Weight loss
Low urine output

50
Q

Common injuries in the newborn

A

Caput succedaneum
Chephalhemtotoma
Linear fractures
Brachial plexus injuries
Spinal chord injury
Intrapleural-abdominal injury

51
Q

What causes birth injuries

A

Big infant
Primigravida
Big head
Prolonged or rapid labour
Abnormal presentation
Prematurity
Low birth weight

Pathology 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions