CARGO HANDLING (PRELIM) Flashcards
Stronger variant of web lashing used for securing heavier RoRo
cargoes such as trailers, roll trailers, and truck vehicles; hence
their alternate names truck lashing / trailer lashing
Features: Uses elephant foot hooks, or slings at the ends
Securing Process: Tighten by hand as much as possible first before
using the ratchet
Typical Length: 3 meters
Maximum Securing Load (MSL): Between 5 and 6 tons
Roll Lashing
Considered to be the base form of all lashing material made from
synthetic fiber
Features: Equipped with hooks at both ends
Securing Process: Produced using a ratchet
Typical Length: Approximately 10 meters
Maximum Securing Load (MSL): About 2 tons (20 kN)
Web Lashing
Roll Lashing FEATURES
Uses -elephant foot hooks-, or -slings- at the ends
A lighter variant of web lashing used for securing delicate cargoes
such as luxury cars, vans or other light vehicles
Securing Process: Attach hooks to securing points, then tighten by
pulling the loose end. Close the handle after tightening
Typical Length: 3 meters
Maximum Securing Load (MSL): 1 ton (10 kN)
Car Lashing
For vehicles not equipped
with appropriate lashing
points, may be
used, typically by
attaching them to the rims
of the wheels.
Slings
Lashing to be used for the heaviest possible cargo load such as
heavy vehicles, machineries, project cargo, and steel products
Features: Uses elephant foot hooks
Securing Process: Achieved using a tensioning lever or
turnbuckle. May be used with the tensioning lever to increase
pre-tension
Typical Length: (varies from cargo to cargo)
Maximum Securing Load (MSL): 50% of MBL
Chain Lashing
Chain Lashing feature
uses elephant foot hooks
tensioning lever or
turnbuckle
used to lash cargo or vehicles to the
deck of a vessel in combination with a
shackle and lashing chain or can be
attached to a chain turnbuckle to
create a lashing system
elephant foot
To keep vehicles from moving,
Ideally, these should be positioned
under the vehicle’s unbraked axle
Chocks
are specifically used for
vehicles stored across the width of the
ship or on inclined ramps
Chocks
Used to distribute the
pressure of securing
equipment over a wider area
Corner Protectors
Used to prevent lashing
equipment (particularly web
lashings) from getting
damaged by sharp edges
Corner Protectors
highest load to
which cargo securing equipment may
safely be subjected
Maximum Securing Load (MSL):
Also referred to as Lashing
Capacity(LC
indicates the tested minimum breaking
strain of the equipment in unused
condition
Minimum Break Load (MBL)
Also referred to as Break Load (BL)
are sometimes
manufactured with stripes of thread
in contrasting colors, corresponding
to the MBL by one ton per stripe
Web lashings
It is “an adjustable device consisting of
three primary components: a body, a
right-hand threaded end fitting, and a
left-hand threaded end fitting”
(American, 2014)
Turnbuckles
a piece of hardware used to eliminate
slack and adjust tension in a rope,
cable, or other tensioning system
Turnbuckles
also known as pipe bodies—encase
the threads in a closed frame to
create a slimmer profile that fits in
tighter spaces
Closed body turnbuckles
more traditional type where the
threads are visible through the
body frame
Open body turnbuckle
is used to create temporary connections
and are easy to quickly connect and disconnect.
should never be used in connections where tension could
unexpectedly release
Hook end
consists of a jaw and bolt secured together by a nut or a
pin.
Jaw end
used to connect to components that cannot be opened,
such as an eye bolt
Jaw end
a closed loop that can be connected to a shackle or quick
link
Eye end
secure onto the end walls of containers and are used with securing turn buckles
lashing rod
Used together with turnbuckles to provide tension to container lashings
Lashing Bars
Swivel head of a lashing bar fits perfectly into the hole of a container ___
while the other end is attached to the appropriate turnbuckle
corner casting (lashing bars)
Has different lengths for different purposes and in accordance to a vessel’s ___
Cargo
Securing Manual (lashing bars)
Knob lashing bar which should be used with a
knob turnbuckle
eye/swivel
head lashing bar which should be used with a
jaw/hook turnbuckle.
a mechanical fastener used to
lock a container in place
Twistlocks
manufactured from high-
quality galvanized steel to
protect it from weather and
corrosion
Twistlocks
Three main types of twistlocks
Base Locks (manual)
(Semi-) Automatic Locks
Mid-locks
placed between containers in
a stack
Mid-locks
Secures container cargo from
horizontal & separation forces
Mid-locks
together with twistlocks (semi-
automatic or fully-automatic)
on deck at mid-bay between
20-foot containers in 40-foot
bays
Mid-locks
mainly used in the hold of the
cargo ship and do not lock
containers together
Stacking Cones
Stacking Cones fit perfectly into the holes of
the
containers’ corner casting
specially made to align
stacked containers on a ship
and prevent them from falling
Stacking Cones
used to connect a shipping container to
different modes of transport (ship, rail, road,
etc.) or to other shipping containers
Corner Castings
three-holed blocks of Corten steel which form
the corners of all __
ISO shipping containers
have holes in them which have been
standardised to a tolerance of mere
millimetres
Corner Castings
ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974 (SOLAS)
CHAPTER VI,
CARGOES, OTHER THAN SOLID AND LIQUID BULK
CARGOES, SHALL BE LOADED, STOWED AND SECURED
THROUGHOUT THE VOYAGE IN ACCORDANCE WITH?
THE CARGO SECURING MANUAL
ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974 (SOLAS)
CHAPTER VI,
WHO SHALL APPROVE YOUR ANSWER IN NUMBER 1?
APPROVED BY THE ADMINISTRATION
ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974 (SOLAS)
CHAPTER I/2,
DEFINE WHAT/WHO YOUR ANSWER IN NUMBER 2 IS?
“ADMINISTRATION” MEANS THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE STATE WHOSE FLAG THE SHIP IS ENTITLED TO FLY
(FLAG STATE)
An international nongovernmental
organization made up of national
standards bodies that develop
and publish a wide range of
proprietary, industrial, and
commercial standards.
International
Organization for
Standardization
(ISO)
establishes a classification freight
containers based on external
dimensions, and specifies the
associated ratings and, where
appropriate summarizes the minimum
internal and door opening dimensions
ISO 668:2020 SERIES 1 FREIGHT CONTAINERS —
CLASSIFICATION, DIMENSIONS
AND RATINGS (EDITION 7, 2020)
provides a system for the
identification and presentation of
information about freight containers
ISO 6346:2022
FREIGHT CONTAINERS — CODING,
IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING
(EDITION 4, 2022)
is intended for general application, for
example in documentation, control
and communications (including
automatic data processing systems),
as well as for display on the containers
themselves
ISO 6346:2022
FREIGHT CONTAINERS — CODING,
IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING
(EDITION 4, 2022)
- consists of three capital letters of
the Latin alphabet to indicate the
owner or principal operator of
the container
Owner Code
for all freight containers
U
for detachable freight
container-related equipment
J
for trailers and chassis
Z
- consists of 6 numeric digits,
assigned by the owner or
operator, uniquely identifying the
container within that
owner/operator’s fleet
Serial Number
- consists of one numeric digit
providing a means of validating
the recording and transmission
accuracy of the owner code and
serial number
Check Digit
establishes the basic dimensions and
the functional and strength
requirements of corner and
intermediate fittings for series 1
freight containers, i.e. containers
which conform to ISO 668 and ISO
1496
ISO 1161:2016
SERIES 1 FREIGHT CONTAINERS —
CORNER AND INTERMEDIATE
FITTINGS — SPECIFICATIONS
specifies the basic specifications and
testing requirements for ISO series 1
freight containers of the totally
enclosed general purpose types and
certain specific purpose types (closed,
vented, ventilated or open top) which
are suitable for international exchange
and for conveyance by road, rail and
sea, including interchange between
these forms of transport
ISO 1496-1:2013
SERIES 1 FREIGHT CONTAINERS —
SPECIFICATION AND TESTING
(EDITION 6, 2013)
design of
securing methods:
blocking,
lashing, and combinations
the standard for securing the
cargo
* applicable to the design of
securing methods: blocking,
lashing, and combinations
* specifically for securing of loads
for surface transport by road
vehicles or parts of them
including their transport on
vessels or by rail and/or
combinations thereof
EN 12195-1:2021 part 1
defines safety requirements for
web lashing made from man-
made fibers with flat woven
webbings for multiple use and of
lashing combinations with woven
webbings for the safe surface
transport of goods
* standard that defines methods
for testing of web lashings
* provides information on hazards
which could occur while dealing
with web lashings
EN 12195-2:2001 part 2
specifies safety requirements for
lashing chains and lashing
combinations with chain for the
safe surface transport of goods
* includes only tensioning devices
to be hand driven with a
maximum hand force of 500 N
* provides information on hazards
which could occur when lashing
chains are in use as intended and
under conditions foreseen by the
manufacturer
EN 12195-2:2001 part 3
specifies safety requirements for
lashing steel wire ropes and flat
lashing steel wire ropes for the
safe surface transport of loads
* stipulates procedures for testing
lashing steel wire ropes and flat
lashing steel wire ropes
* provides information on hazards
which could occur when lashing
steel wire ropes and flat lashing
steel wire ropes are in use as
intended and under conditions
foreseen by the manufacturer
EN 12195-2:2001 part 4
EUROPEAN STANDARD FOR
LASHING
EN 12 195-2 STANDARD
(CSC)
International Convention for Safe
Containers
CSS Code
code of safe practice for cargo stowage and securing
CSM
cargo securing manual
SOLAS
International Convention for the safety of life at sea 1974
The trend towards containerization of
maritime cargo has accelerated significantly
1960’s
IMO initiated a thorough investigation into
container shipping safety
1967
Along with the Economic Commission for
Europe, IMO developed a draft convention
1972
Latest SOLAS convention, as we all now know
today, was enacted
1974
International Convention for Safe Containers
entered into force(6 September
1977
Convention for Safe Containers
has two goals:
⚬ Protect human life in container
transport and handling by
implementing robust testing
protocols and stringent strength
requirements
⚬ Promote seamless international
container shipping by establishing
consistent safety standards across
all modes of surface transportation
1972
covers structural safety
requirements and tests, including
details of test procedures
Annex II
includes Regulations for the
testing, inspection, approval, and
maintenance of containers
Annex I
Countries that have adopted
the CSC convention are
known as ____
and their Governments are
known as ___
Contracting Parties, Administrations
Administrations normally
entrust testing, inspection
and approval to authorized
organizations, such as
Classification Societies
an international standard for the safe stowage and securing of cargoes to
promote the safety of life both at sea, and during loading and discharge
* it ensures that the ship is suitable for its intended (cargo)purpose and is
equipped with proper cargo securing means
CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE FOR
CARGO STOWAGE AND SECURING
(CSS CODE) 2021 Edition
it provides general advice concerning the proper stowage and securing of
cargoes to minimize the risks to the ship and personnel while also
providing specific advice on those cargoes which are known to create
difficulties and hazards with regard to their stowage and securing
* it also advises on actions which may be taken in heavy sea conditions and
to remedy the effects of cargo shifting
The safe stowage and securing of
cargoes depend on
proper planning,
execution and supervision
___ the cargo
stowage and securing should be
properly qualified and experienced,
and the _____
should have a sound practical
knowledge of the application and
content of the Cargo Securing
Manual
Personnel handling , personnel supervising
it guides
personnels on how cargo units to be loaded onboard
shall be secured to the vessel’s deck to prevent cargo
shifting
CARGO SECURING MANUAL
(CSM)
a common reference for ship’s Cargo Officers - Chief
Officer, it is a manual that provides guidance about
the Stowage and securing of the cargo on board
CARGO SECURING MANUAL
(CSM)
Contents of a Cargo Securing Manual:
General
Ships Data
* Definitions
* General information
* Principal sources of danger
Securing Devices and Arrangements
- Specification of Fixed Cargo Securing devices
- Specification of Portable Cargo Securing devices
- Inspection and Maintenance Schemes
All Fixed Cargo Securing Devices for cargo securing
shall be listed within the
CSM
Only portable equipment that is described in the
__ is allowed to be used for cargo securing
CSM
All __ used onboard
shall be listed, for example, web or chain lashings,
turnbuckles, twistlocks, etc
Portable Cargo Securing Equipment
means “accepted unless objected”
tacit acceptance
tacit acceptance opposite of earlier process of
“rejected
unless accepted
