CARGO (FINALS) Flashcards
have bronze oil impregnated thrust bearing with stainless
steel hinge pins
Hinges (Watertight Door)
secure door create watertight seal with evenly distributed
pressure on compression gasket
Handles (Watertight Door)
are designed to completely block water flow in both directions, even when under significant water pressure from either side.
Watertight doors
while also designed to resist water intrusion, are primarily meant to withstand brief periods of submersion and harsh weather conditions
Weathertight doors
They’re built to withstand prolonged submersion and are typically found below the waterline in areas like shaft tunnels, ballast tanks, and bow thruster compartments
Watertight doors
They’re located above the waterline and protect against external
elements like wind, rain, and spray
Weathertight doors
are designed to block water from both sides, protecting the
ship’s compartments.
Watertight doors
They are typically found below deck and may operate
automatically or manually, opening and closing upwards or sideways.
Watertight doors
ships that have watertight doors.
Many car
carriers and roll-on/roll-off
Regulations require a system to remotely monitor the status
of these doors.
Watertight doors
can be breached through any activity or happening that allows the ingress of water in unwanted areas or compartments of the vessel.
Watertight integrity
Watertight integrity can be breached through any activity
or happening that allows the ingress of water in unwanted
areas or compartments of the vessel.
* Lack of maintenance to
rubber seals, screw threads
and other locking devices
are manually operated devices that lock into a latching
system on the door frame. Once activated, they firmly secure
the door, preventing it from opening under pressure.
Dog Levers
For heightened security, dog levers are often used in tandem with
wedges.
are small, tapered pieces that fit into slots on the door frame, physically preventing the door from opening.
Wedges
They offer extra security, particularly in vital areas like engine rooms and watertight bulkheads.
Wedges
Since dog levers are what firmly secure the door,
regularly being used to close and open it, these _
easily get chipped off of paint - exposing it to
weathering
arms
are the door’s physical piece that choke the dog lever’s arm to the door seal,
wedges
are also susceptible to chipping and therefore exposure to weathering which in tur tendencies to corrosion
wedges
To ensure the optimal functioning of door dog levers,
implement the following maintenance practices:
- Visual Inspection: for signs of wear and tear, damage
or corrosion. Check for and tighten any loose parts. - Functional Testing: to confirm the smooth operation of
the lever handle which securely locks the door in place - Cleaning: of the lever and surrounding area to remove
any corrosion, salt deposits, or other contaminants.
4.Lubrication: of the lever’s moving parts and latching
mechanisms with moderate amount of lubricant
need to possess the greatest resilience to pressure.
levers and
hinges
The ship’s planned maintenance system must be followed
for carrying out routine inspection and maintenance on
watertight doors which should include the correct
functioning of the whole system - including its
dog levers
hinges,
rubber
seals,
electric/hydraulic
systems (if
applicable), and
monitoring
panels (which
includes
warning devices and alarms)
are specialized hinges typically constructed from high-quality materials durably resisting corrosion.
Watertight door hinges
It is designed to withstand high pressure and prevent water
leakage, ensuring the integrity of watertight compartments on ships and other marine structures.
Watertight door hinges
These _ are often heavier and
feature a sealed design to prevent water ingress and
maintain their functionality under extreme pressure.
robust hinges
TO ensure the optimal functioning of door hinges,
implement the following maintenance practices:
- Visual Inspection for signs of wear and tear, damage
or corrosion. Check for and tighten any loose parts. - Functional Testing to confirm the smooth operation of
the hinges. Listen to creaking sound.
3.Cleaning of hinge’s excess deposit of salt, grime and
dirt which may cause undue stress to its parts.
4.Lubrication of the hinge’s axels with moderate amount
of lubricant or grease. Less is more.
The pressure being handled by levers and hinges has to
be met by the water tight boundary’s
rubber
seals/gaskets.
The weakest point of a watertight or weathertight
door/hatch/porthole is often the
seal around it.
This is where the watertight or weathertight seal is located. making it a crucial area for regular inspection, maintenance, and repair.
Damaged Rubber Gasket
Because of its relative difference in material, _ deteriorate faster than the steel construction of watertight
or weathertight door/hatch/porthole. Causes for its deterioration vary, but the most common would be wear and tear due to constant use.
rubber seals
To prevent these damages or prolong the service span of
your rubber gaskets ensuring your vessel’s watertight
integrity,
regularly apply industrial petroleum jelly
a specialized product designed to endure extreme temperatures, making it suitable for applications exposed
to demanding environments. Its moisture-repelling nature prevents rust and corrosion while simultaneously protecting the rubber seal’s surface. Finally, its stability ensures long-lasting
performance, even in harsh conditions.
industrial petroleum jelly
Rubber Gasket maintenance
- Keep gaskets clean and free from paint and rust.
- Lubricate gasket with industrial petroleum jelly.
- Replace the door gasket when it becomes hardened,
cracked, permanently grooved or when pieces are
missing or not meeting. Do not splice a section in;
replace the entire gasket. - When replacing the gasket, the gasket joint should be
on the top of the door. Cut a 45-degree angle where
the ends meets so they overlap about one inch
To ensure effectivity of
rubber seals, follow
these maintenance
practices:
- Visual Inspection for
signs of wear and
tear, damage or cuts - Cleaning off of old
industrial petroleum
jelly - Application of
protective coating
such as industrial
petroleum jelly on
the rubber
Testing forwater- tightness integrity could
be:
- chalk test
- hose test
- ultrasonic testing
is a quick and easy method to assess the seal of hatch
covers and is a standard part of scheduled or planned
maintenance.
chalk test
may not be suffice especially for sensitive or high-
value cargo. Additional checks and inspections
may be necessary to guarantee the hatch
cover’s integrity.
chalk test alone
Procedure on Hatch Cover Chalk Testing
When performing a chalk test. The top edge of every
compression bar is covered with chalk.
Hatches are then fully closed and reopened. The rubber
packing is examined for a chalk mark, which should be run
continuously along the packings centre. Gaps in the chalk mark
indicate lack of compression. Chalk testing merely indicates the
if hatch is aligned and compression achieved. It will show
whether compression bar is adequate and therefore it is not a
test for weathertightness
involves spraying pressurized water onto a closed hatch cover to identify any leakages. While this method is plain and
simple, its accuracy can be limited by factors like weather conditions and the availability of an empty hold.
hose test
is a reliable and efficient alternative to verifying
the watertight integrity of a vessel. This method utilizes high-frequency sound waves to detect any gaps or damage in
hatch cover seals.
Ultrasonic testing
provides precise and quantitative
results.
Ultrasonic testing
will keep watertight boundaries such as doors watertight and ensure smooth, easy operation.
Periodic inspection and maintenance
All the
materials for routine maintenance should be found in
_, and equipment used for these maintenance
routines should be thoroughly compiled, accounted for,
and replenished to ensure continuous supply onboard
ships.
ships stores
is the most exposed part of the vessel’s hull that
also forms as a watertight boundary of the vessel that
keeps the water out.
Deck
Along with the deck on top, _ forms the vessel’s
hull and contributes to the vessel’s structure through its
plates.
side shell
Completing the vessel’s watertight integrity,
_ proceeds further below the waterline,
enveloping the whole vessel until it reaches the side shell
plates on the other side and back up to the deck on top.
bottom shell
plates, also known as _ rest longitudinally and
are further named based on part of the vessel where it is
located.
strakes
Decks and shell plating watertight integrity can be
compromised through a _
- a structural or
mechanical issue in a boat or ship that can lead to flooding
breached hull
Some causes of a breached hull include:
- Debris or logs(timber) submerged just below the
surface - Structural failure in older models
- Fracture due to overload
- Collision, contact, or grounding
- Corrosion
- Biological fouling
is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants,
algae, and small animals on marine vessel surfaces.
Biofouling
- Increases ship’s drag, reducing its speed and fuel
efficiency. This increased drag can reduce the ship’s
speed by up to 10%, necessitating a 40% increase in
fuel consumption to compensate. - Compromises the integrity of the hull structure and
propulsion systems by trapping seawater in the gaps
between their shell and the metal surface, accelerating
the corrosion process
Biofouling
are used to coat the underwater
surfaces of ships with copper and other biocide
compounds to prevent sea life such as algae and mollusks
attaching themselves to the hull.
Anti-fouling paints
Frequently used as part
of multilayer coatings that offer additional benefits
beyond preventing marine growth, these coatings further
protect metal hulls from corrosion and improve the ship’s
hydrodynamic performance.
Anti-fouling paints
While historically copper-
based paints were_, modern formulations may vary in
color.
red
is the process of removing marine organisms and other substances that accumulate on a ship’s underwater hull typically
done by divers or remotely operated vehicles or “ROVs” using
various techniques like mechanical scraping, high-pressure
water jets, or specialized cleaning solutions.
Hull Cleaning
Hull Cleaning Methods
may be one
or
combination
of
following:
- Manual scraping for
small crafts - High-pressure water
jetting for hard-to-
reach areas - Power-rotary brush
cleaning
systems
equipment to clean
larger hulled vessels
are
underwater robots
controlled from the
surface which are
increasingly used for
hull cleaning nowadays
due to their numerous
advantages:
Remotely Operated
Vehicles (ROVs)
Remotely Operated
Vehicles (ROVs) advantages:
Safety
Efficiency
Precision
Environmental
Friendliness
Cost-Effectiveness
This technological shift not only improves safety by eliminating the need for divers out also
prolongs the lifespan of the anti-fouling, ensuring more efficient hull maintenance. ROVs are
not only more effective and robust but also capable or operating in adverse weather
conditions.
ROV Technology
can operate simultaneous v with cargo
operations, allowing the vessel to set sail with
clean hull as soon as the cargo operations
are complete. This ultimate v reduces fuel
ROVs
is the gradual deterioration of materials,
typically metals like steel/iron, due to chemical reactions
with their environment.
Corrosion
It’s a natural process that occurs
when a metal reacts with substances like _. This reaction often results in the formation of oxides
or other compounds, which can weaken the metal and
lead to structural failure.
Corrosion. oxygen, water, or
acids
Several environmental factors
can accelerate the corrosion process:
Moisture, Oxygen,
Temperature, Electrolytes
Metals corrode more quickly in humid environments due
to the reaction between
moisture-saturated air, oxygen,
and the metal’s surface.
occurs when dry gases such as
oxygen, often at high temperatures, react with metals.
Chemical corrosion
Due to diffusion rates controlled by temperature, metals
like _ corrode faster at higher temperatures.
steel
When two dissimilar metals are in contact, moisture can
collect at the junction point and act as an _. This
can lead to _
electrolyte. rapid corrosion.
Corrosion Types:
- Uniform Corrosion
- Pitting Corrosion
- Crevice Corrosion
- Galvanic Corrosion
- Microbial Corrosion
- Fretting Corrosion
- Intergranular Corrosion
- Erosion Corrosion
- High Temperature Corrosion
- Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
is the most common type of corrosion as it occurs evenly over the entire surface of a metal. metal. This happens when the metal lacks a protective coating, making it vulnerable to corrosive substances. Continuous exposure will result in a gradual loss of material thickness, and eventual structural failure
Uniform Corrosion
while predictable, can significantly impact a vessel’s
structural integrity if not managed.
Uniform Corrosion
Here are some common
areas
on
vessels
susceptible to this type
of corrosion: Uniform Corrosion
- Piping system
- Hull Plates
- Cargo Hold Tanks
- Deck Plating
is localized type corrosion that forms small pits or holes on the metal surface and of can grow deeper into the metal, weakening its structure. This type of corrosion is particularly dangerous because it can cause significant damage to the metal’s
interior while only affecting a small area on the surface.
Pitting Corrosion
is often found in the plating or in horizontal surfaces such as shell plates and ballast tanks. This corrosion can also
be caused by bumps, dents, or scratches which peeled off the metal’s protective coating which eventually turn into corroded hole on that localized area.
Pitting Corrosion
occurs locallv in spaces such as gaps between metallic components or between metal and non- metal materials. These
areas trap corrosive fluids, creating oxygen imbalance which leads to acidification of the fluid within the crevice. This in
turn breaks down the protective oxide layer on the metal
surface.
Crevice Corrosion
is a significant concern in many industries, particularly in
those involving metal vessels and piping
systems.
Crevice Corrosion
Common on areas
vessels prone to crevice
corrosion include:
- Bolted and Riveted
Joints - Gaskets and Seals
- Lap Joints
- Fastener Threads
is a type of corrosion that occurs when micro organisms,
such as bacteria, fungi,and algae, grow on metal
surfaces and accelerate corrosion. These micro organisms
can even consume oil and excrete acids that corrode
storage vessels which makes this a major issue
in maritime shipping, oil and gas industries.
Microbial Corrosion
Microbial Corrosion on vessels susceptible
in are these areas:
- Stern Tube that runs through the stern of a ship and supports
the propeller shaft - Pipework including sewage pipes, tank pipes, ballast, and
fuel/oil pipes - Tanks which include bilge, ballast, fuel, oil, and cargo tanks
occurs when two different metals are in contact with each other
in a corrosive setting. The active metal (anode) undergoes
corrosion at a faster rate than the other metal (cathode) which is
more stable. It can also happen in industrial settings with varying metal concentrations.
Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion Vessel areas prone to galvanic corrosion:
- Superstructure with differing metal parts, such as steel and bronze fittings.
- Propeller, propeller shaft. and rudder where dissimilar
metals are in close proximity - Deck Fixtures and fittings made of different metals.
Simple galvanic
corrosive table (active(anode) upper, noble (cathode) lower)
Magnesium
Zinc
Aluminum
Steel or Iron
Nickel
Brass
Copper
Bronze
Stainless Steel (304)
Silver
Graphite
Titanium
Gold
are grouped based on the type of inspection it can be
Corrosion/Corrosion Groups. group 1,2,3
corrosion identifiable by visual inspection
Group I ( uniform corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion)
corrosion identifiable with special inspection tools
Group Il ( erosion, cavitation, fretting, intergranular)
corrosion identifiable by microscopic exams
Group Ill ( exfoliation, de - alloying, stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue )
_ is a Filipino term that directly translates
to
Katok Kalawang - knock off rust”.
It refers to the process of manually
removing rust or corrosion from a metal surface, typically
using tools like _
Katok Kalawang - knock off rust”. hammers, chisels, or wire brushes.
This is
a common job order in ship maintenance wherein a vessel
deck is the most susceptible to corrosion effects.
Essentially, it’s a hands-on approach to preparing a metal
surface for further treatment. such
as painting or
applying protective coatings. By removing rust, you can
prevent further corrosion and improve the durability of
the metal.
Katok Kalawang - knock off rust”.
Used to chip awav
larger pieces of rust.
Chisels:
Used for more
aggressive removal of heavy rust
land corrosion.
Sandblasters:
Used to scrub off
loose rust and scale.
Wire brushes:
Used for application
of protective coating
Paintbrush:
corrosion maintenance
- Apply a protective coating
- Apply a coating to the deck to protect it from seawater
and everyday wear and tear. A chlorinated, alkali
rubber coating is a good choice. - Wash the deck regularly
- After each trip, wash the entire vessel with soap and
freshwater, especially metal components like railings
and hinges. - Waterproof insulation around electrical circuits can
help prevent corrosion in sensitive areas. - Insulate electrical circuits
is a quick and easy way
to spot surface flaws on a ship’s hull. By simply looking at
the visible parts of the ship, inspectors can identify issues
such as
General Visual Inspection (GVI).
Paint problems: flaking, loose paint, or foreign substances
Metal corrosion: rust
Marine growth: biofouling
is not a comprehensive inspection. It’s just a
starting point to identify potential problems. More
detailed examinations are needed to assess the severity
of biofouling, corrosion, and hidden damage.
General Visual Inspection (GVI).
is a detailed examination
of a ship’s hidden areas. This specialized inspection uses
specialized tools to identify tiny defects that are invisible
to the naked eye. With its purpose of finding potential
problems early, before they become more serious and
visible during a regular inspection, it is often the only
way to detect subtle issues like hairline cracks or
repaired welds
Close Visual Inspection (CVI)
are two different types of inspection methods that
ship operators can use to identify the potential risks and
damages on the hulls of their ships
General visual inspection (GVI) and close visual inspection
(CVI)
Common damage or
defects that may occur
in dry cargo holds
*Structural Damage
Corrosion
Buckling
Fractures
*Cargo Damage
Cargo liquefaction
Cargo shifting
Contamination
*Other Damages
Stevedore Damage
Weather Damage
Fire Damage
is the deformation of the plating due to
excessive load or pressure. When steel is squeezed or
compressed, it can suddenly bend sideways, a process
known as _. This isn’t unique to steel; any long,
thin structure, regardless of the material, can buckle,
which, with a small increase in pressure can quickly lead
to a complete and disastrous failure of the structure
Buckling
Areas of a vessel that are particularly susceptible to
buckling are those that experience significant
compressive stress, especially in combination with other
stresses like bending or torsion. Here are some key
areas:
Hull and Plates
Cargo Holds
Deck Structure
Superstructure
structural damage - buckling - hull and plates
Longitudinal Frame Members: Transverse Frame Members: Shell Plating
These structural
elements, such as girders and pillars, can buckle
under compressive loads, especially in areas of high
stress concentration
Longitudinal Frame Members:
Bulkheads and frames
can also buckle, particularly when subjected to lateral
pressure or uneven loading
Transverse Frame Members:
The outer skin of the hull, especially in
areas with large unsupported panels or sharp
corners
Shell Plating:
structural damage - buckling - Cargo Holds
Bulkhead Panels, Tank Top Plating
Large, flat panels separating cargo
holds can buckle under high pressure or impact
loads
Bulkhead Panels:
The bottom of the cargo hold can
buckle due to excessive weight or uneven loading
Tank Top Plating:
structural damage - buckling - Deck Structures
Hatch Covers, Deck Plating
Large, flat panels can buckle under
heavy loads or uneven pressure distribution.
Hatch Covers:
Areas with large, unsupported panels
subjected to concentrated loads
Deck Plating:
structural damage - buckling - Superstructures
Side Shells: Deck Plating
The vertical
walls of superstructures can
buckle under lateral
pressure or impact loads
Side Shells:
Similar to the
main deck, areas with large,
unsupported panels or those
subjected to concentrated
loads
Deck Plating:
is the process of weakening of the steel in a
structure due to constant flexing, under the repeated
cycles of stress
Metal fatigue
In materials science and engineering, the
term _ describes the number of cycles of loading
and unloading that a material can withstand before it
fails
fatigue life
How Metal Fatigue Occurs?
- Crack Initiation: cracks begin to form at points of
stress concentration, such as notches, holes, or
surface irregularities (intensely corroded parts) - Crack Propagation: These cracks gradually grow
with each cycle of loading and unloading. - Final Failure: Eventually, the crack grows large
enough to cause the material to fail completely
is the separation of a material into two or
more parts under the action of stress. It can be classified
into two main types
Fractures. Ductile Fracture and Brittle Fracture
Characterized by significant
deformation before failure (such as buckling). The
material stretches and necks down before breaking
Ductile Fracture:
Occurs suddenly without significant
plastic deformation. The material fails abruptly.
Brittle Fracture:
The longitudinal bend causes an axial force on
the upper deck that may cause _ at the
locations where the stress is concentrated
cracking of the
deck plate
Various metal fittings on the upper deck can
induce concentrations of stress and potential weld defects. Particular attention should be paid to areas surrounding the _ as
these areas are prone to developing cracks.
manholes, hatch
coamings, deck houses,
crane post foundations,
and bulwark stays
while not a primary structural member, is also subject
to the ship’s bending stresses. Imperfections in welds and fittings at these locations can potentially progress into
cracks and can escalate to larger fractures compromising the ship’s structural integrity.
Hatch coamings,
The large cargo hatchway openings reduce the torsional
strength of the hull and invite concentration of stress at their corners on the upper deck. In this regard, _ is one of the
focal points for cracking.
upper deck
plating at hatchway
corners
connected to water ballast, fuel oil tanks, and enclosed
spaces below deck are susceptible to corrosion. Water intrusion could lead to cargo damage, cargo shifting, fuel
contamination, and potential stability issues
if these components fail
Ventilation and piping
systems
bilge well water accumulation can corrode the junction
between bulkheads and decks. This stagnant water can corrode the bulkheads separating the store from the first
cargo hold and can lead to water ingress, cargo
damage, cargo shifting, and potential stability issues.
Forecastle spaces
In cargo holds, _ are apt to be damaged by cargo handling
operations
tanktop plating and side shell
structures
is a phenomenon in which a soil-like
material is abruptly transformed from a solid dry state to
an almost fluid state. Many common bulk cargoes, such
as iron ore fines, nickel ore and various mineral
concentrates, are examples of materials that may liquefy.
If liquefaction occurs on board a vessel, the stability will
be reduced due to the free surface effect and cargo shift,
possibly resulting in capsizing of the vessel.
Cargo liquefaction
can lead to direct damage to the cargo and
indirectly compromise vessel structural integrity.
Displaced cargo might obstruct escape routes or loosen
other cargo. Damaged cargo could release hazardous
substances, potentially causing injury or fire. Additionally,
shifting cargo can damage the ship’s internal structure
or even breach the hull or tanks
Cargo shift
accidental mixing of different
types of cargo, leading to quality degradation and
potential safety hazards such as fire. Another instance
would be if cargo of corrosive substances got mixed with
other cargo, it can inadvertently accelerate the corrosion
of the ship’s structure, especially in areas with high
humidity or temperature fluctuations.
Cargo contamination
during cargo operations, particularly when heavy equipment like grabs or payloaders make contact with the ship’s
structure, may often damage the ships. Local
overloading, where corners are loaded in ways not
approved by the classification society or loading manual,
can lead to cracking of deck plating at hatch covers and
backing plates between hatchways.
Stevedore damage and improper cargo handling
According to IMO Resolution A.741(18), what is the purpose of the International Safety Management(ISM) Code?
to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention.
When was the International Safety Management(ISM) Code made mandatory and entered into force?
July 1, 1998
What is the title of the new chapter in the SOLAS introduced by this amendment?
Chapter IX title is “Management for the safe operation of ships
Before entering an empty ballast tank for structural membrane inspection, what permit should be filled up first in relation to the task/job to be carried out?
Enclosed Space Entry Permit
Before carrying out a transverse bulkhead derusting/repainting, what permit should be filled up first in relation to the task/job to be carried out?
Cold Work Permit
Apart from these two high risk jobs/tasks, name another permit that should be filled up first in relation to metal cutting, fabrication and welding
Hot Work Permit
