Cardiovascular system/ECG

Question 1

where are the ECG leads placed on the patient?

Answer 1

white: right forelimb
black: left forelimb
red: left hindlimb
green: right hindlimb

Question 2

what does the P wave represent?

Answer 2

depolarization of the atria

Question 3

what does an enlarged P wave mean?

Answer 3

atrial enlargement

Question 4

what does the P-R interval represent?

Answer 4

atrial depolarization and conduction through the AV node

Question 5

what does P-R interval prolongation mean?

Answer 5

1st degree AV block

Question 6

what does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 6

depolarization of ventricles

Question 7

what does a wider QRS complex mean?

Answer 7

abnormality
could be caused by hyperkalemia or ventricular hypertrophy

Question 8

what does the T wave represent?

Answer 8

ventricular repolarization

Question 9

what is the Q-T interval?

Answer 9

begins at the start of the QRS complex and finishes at the end of the T-wave

Question 10

what does the Q-T interval represent?

Answer 10

time for ventricles to depolarize and then repolarize

Question 11

sinus arrhythmia

Answer 11

normal HR with an increase on inspiration and a decrease on expiration

Question 12

atrial fibrillation

Answer 12

lack of P waves, can have rates up to 600 bpm
represents severe heart disease with atrial enlargment

Question 13

ventricular tachycardia

Answer 13

life-threatening, wide/bizarre QRS complexes without P waves and with tachycardia (HR > 180bpm)
shockable rhythm

Question 14

ventricular premature contractions (VPCs)

Answer 14

premature P waves, many possible causes (electrolyte abnormalities, systemic disease, cardiac disease)

Question 15

what do atria contain?

Answer 15

auricles
blind pouches (“ear flaps”)

Question 16

which side is the tricuspid valve on?

Answer 16

right side

Question 17

which side is the mitral valve on?

Answer 17

left side

Question 18

cardiac cycle

Answer 18

1 cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation
1 heartbeat

Question 19

what type of charge does the heart muscle have at rest?

Answer 19

muscle is polarized at rest

Question 20

depolarization

Answer 20

contraction

Question 21

where are sodium and calcium ions located? (cardiovascular)

Answer 21

the outer membrane of the cell

Question 22

where are potassium ions located? (cardiovascular)

Answer 22

inside the cell

Question 23

what happens to the ions during depolarization?

Answer 23

sodium and calcium ions move through channels in the cell membrane to the interior
potassium ions move through channels in the cell membrane to the exterior

Question 24

repolarization

Answer 24

relaxation

Question 25

what happens to the ions during repolarization?

Answer 25

ions are on the wrong sides of the cell membrane so they return to their original location

Question 26

where is the cardiovascular conduction impulse generated and where does it go?

Answer 26

generated from the SA node at the base, to the apex, and back up to the base passes through the muscle fibers of the atrial walls in a wavelike fashion SA node ---> AV node ---> bundle of His ---> Purkinje fibers

Question 27

systole

Answer 27

myocardial contraction and depolarization working phase of the cycle where muscle cells are depolarized

Question 28

what happens during systole?

Answer 28

cardiac chamber empties itself of blood

Question 29

diastole

Answer 29

myocardial relaxation and repolarization

Question 30

what happens during diastole?

Answer 30

chambers fill with blood

Question 31

where can normal heart sounds be best heard?

Answer 31

left side near the elbow

Question 32

lub heart sound

Answer 32

tricuspid and mitral valves closing after atrial systole

Question 33

dub heart sound

Answer 33

pulmonary and aortic valves close after ventricular systole

Question 34

cardiac output

Answer 34

volume of blood ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time (usually 1 minute)

Question 35

stroke volume

Answer 35

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during 1 contraction represents the strength of the heart beat

Question 36

preload

Answer 36

volume of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium

Question 37

afterload

Answer 37

physical resistance presented by the artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

Question 38

pulse

Answer 38

rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries as blood is through them

Question 39

dog/cat pulse point

Answer 39

femoral artery

Question 40

cow pulse points

Answer 40

coccygeal artery and facial artery

Question 41

horse pulse point

Answer 41

mandibular artery and posterior digital artery

Question 42

mean arterial pressure

Answer 42

average pressure during 1 cardiac cycle indicates tissue perfusion during anesthesia

Question 43

oscillometric blood pressure

Answer 43

method using a cuff and arterial pulse is detected electronically

Question 44

doppler blood pressure

Answer 44

method using a cuff, a small ultrasound probe, and a sphygmomanometer