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PHT 201 - Embalming I > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Between the second rib and fifth intercostal space

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2
Q

Three layers of the heart

A
  • Endocardium (innermost)
  • Myocardium (middle)
  • Epicardium (outer)
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3
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A
  • Right atrium
    • from venae cavae
    • tricuspid valve
  • Right ventricle
    • pulmonic valve
    • pulmonary artery
    • right and left lungs
    • four pulmonary veins
  • Left atrium
    • bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • Left ventricle
    • aortic valve
    • aorta
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4
Q

How many heart valves are there?

A

4

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5
Q

Tricuspid valve

A
  • Atrioventricular
  • Between right atrium and ventricle
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6
Q

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

A
  • Atrioventricular
  • Between left atrium and ventricle
  • Think Bishop’s mitre
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7
Q

Pulmonic valve

A
  • Semilunar valve
  • Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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8
Q

Aortic valve

A
  • Semilunar valve
  • Between left ventricle and aorta
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9
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of valve

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10
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Englargement of muscle tissue

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11
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

Hole in interventricular septum

  • blood is pumped from left ventricle to right ventricle
  • left to right shunting
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12
Q

Pulmonary valve stenosis and VSD

A
  • Right to left shunting
  • Pumps deoxygenated blood into systemic circulation
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13
Q

Anastomoses

A

Coronary arteries can form multiple connections between arteries to allow flow around a blockage

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14
Q

Heart failure: Left sided

A

Backward

  • Poor left ventricular function
  • Fluid backs up into lungs (pulmonary edema)

Forward

  • Poor left ventricular function
  • Decreases blood flow to systemic circulation (cyanotic)
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15
Q

Heart failure: Right-sided

A

Backward

  • Blood backs up into veins that drain blood to the right heart
  • Usually caused by left-side failure or emphysema
    • Jugular vein distention
    • Enlarged liver
    • Ankle edema
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16
Q

Five major functions of blood

A
  • Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
  • Regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body
  • Restricting fluid losses at injury sites
  • Defending against toxins and pathogens
  • Stabilizing body temperature
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17
Q

Blood is made from

A

Plasma and formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments)

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18
Q

Temperature of blood

A

Roughly 100.4F

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19
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

Five times as viscous as water

20
Q

pH of blood

A

Slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45

21
Q

What accounts for most of the extracellular fluid in the body?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

22
Q

What makes up most of your blood?

A

Plasma

23
Q

Components of plasma

A
  1. Albumins- MAJORITY of plasma protein
  2. Globulins- second most abundant, contains antibodies and transport proteins
  3. Fibrinogen- functions in blood clotting
24
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • Most abundant blood cells accounting for 99.9% of all formed elements
  • Contain pigment hemoglobin- binds and transports oxygen and CO2
  • One drop of blood contains on average, 260 million RBCs
  • A biconcave disc that can bend and flex easily through narrow capillaries
25
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • 95% of RBGs intracellular proteins
  • Responsible for transporting O2 and CO2
  • Contains single molecule of pigment heme
  • Binds blood to iron to interact with O2
  • Hemoglobin with O2 gives blood bright red color
26
Q

How long does it take a red blood cell to travel from the heart and back?

A

Less than a minute

27
Q

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is…

A

120 days

28
Q

Red blood cells are _______ roughly at the same rate they are __________

A

created, destroyed

29
Q

Approximately ___________ new RBCs enter circulation each second.

A

3 million

30
Q

About __% are replaced each day

A

1

31
Q

When RBCs hemolyze (rupture), the heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to ________

A

biliverdin

(an organic compound with a greenish color)

32
Q

Biliverdin is converted to ________ and released into the bloodstream to be absorbed by the liver

A

Bilirubin

33
Q

Jaundice is caused by…

A

Blocked bile ducts that cause bilirubin to diffuse into peripheral tissues.

Causing a yellow discoloration most apparent in skin and sclera of eyes

34
Q

Concentration of nitrogenous wastes will

A

Neutralize formaldehyde upon contact

35
Q

White blood cells are also called

A

Leukocytes

36
Q

WBCs help defend the body against

A
  • Invasion by pathogens
  • Remove toxins, wastes and abnormal or damaged cells
37
Q

Five types of white blood cells

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
38
Q

50-70% of all WBCs are

A

Neutrophils

39
Q

Neutrophils are the

A

First responders

40
Q

Eosinophils attack objects coated with

A

antibodies

41
Q

Basophils

A
  • Rare
  • Accumulate in damaged tissues
  • Release heparin and histamine
42
Q

Monocytes

A
  • 2-8% of WBCs
  • Begin scar tissue production
43
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Attack foreign cells and abnormal body cells
44
Q

Platelets

A

aka thrombocytes

Initiate clotting process

45
Q

What are the three pathways in the clotting process?

A
  1. Contact or intrinsic pathway
  2. Tissue factor or extrinsic pathway
  3. Common pathway
46
Q
A

PHT 201 - Embalming I (14 decks)

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