Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

Between the second rib and fifth intercostal space

Question 2

Three layers of the heart

Answer 2

• Endocardium (innermost)
• Myocardium (middle)
• Epicardium (outer)

Question 3

Blood flow through the heart

Answer 3

• Right atrium
  
  • from venae cavae
  • tricuspid valve
• Right ventricle
  
  • pulmonic valve
  • pulmonary artery
  • right and left lungs
  • four pulmonary veins
• Left atrium
  
  • bicuspid (mitral) valve
• Left ventricle
  
  • aortic valve
  • aorta

Question 4

How many heart valves are there?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

Tricuspid valve

Answer 5

• Atrioventricular
• Between right atrium and ventricle

Question 6

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Answer 6

• Atrioventricular
• Between left atrium and ventricle
• Think Bishop’s mitre

Question 7

Pulmonic valve

Answer 7

• Semilunar valve
• Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 8

Aortic valve

Answer 8

• Semilunar valve
• Between left ventricle and aorta

Question 9

Stenosis

Answer 9

Narrowing of valve

Question 10

Hypertrophy

Answer 10

Englargement of muscle tissue

Question 11

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer 11

Hole in interventricular septum

• blood is pumped from left ventricle to right ventricle
• left to right shunting

Question 12

Pulmonary valve stenosis and VSD

Answer 12

• Right to left shunting
• Pumps deoxygenated blood into systemic circulation

Question 13

Anastomoses

Answer 13

Coronary arteries can form multiple connections between arteries to allow flow around a blockage

Question 14

Heart failure: Left sided

Answer 14

Backward

• Poor left ventricular function
• Fluid backs up into lungs (pulmonary edema)

Forward

• Poor left ventricular function
• Decreases blood flow to systemic circulation (cyanotic)

Question 15

Heart failure: Right-sided

Answer 15

Backward

• Blood backs up into veins that drain blood to the right heart
• Usually caused by left-side failure or emphysema
  
  • Jugular vein distention
  • Enlarged liver
  • Ankle edema

Question 16

Five major functions of blood

Answer 16

• Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
• Regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body
• Restricting fluid losses at injury sites
• Defending against toxins and pathogens
• Stabilizing body temperature

Question 17

Blood is made from

Answer 17

Plasma and formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments)

Question 18

Temperature of blood

Answer 18

Roughly 100.4F

Question 19

Viscosity of blood

Answer 19

Five times as viscous as water

Question 20

pH of blood

Answer 20

Slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45

Question 21

What accounts for most of the extracellular fluid in the body?

Answer 21

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 22

What makes up most of your blood?

Answer 22

Plasma

Question 23

Components of plasma

Answer 23

1. Albumins- MAJORITY of plasma protein
2. Globulins- second most abundant, contains antibodies and transport proteins
3. Fibrinogen- functions in blood clotting

Question 24

Red blood cells

Answer 24

• Most abundant blood cells accounting for 99.9% of all formed elements
• Contain pigment hemoglobin- binds and transports oxygen and CO2
• One drop of blood contains on average, 260 million RBCs
• A biconcave disc that can bend and flex easily through narrow capillaries

Question 25

Hemoglobin

Answer 25

* 95% of RBGs intracellular proteins * Responsible for transporting O2 and CO2 * Contains single molecule of pigment heme * Binds blood to iron to interact with O2 * Hemoglobin with O2 gives blood bright red color

Question 26

How long does it take a red blood cell to travel from the heart and back?

Answer 26

Less than a minute

Question 27

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is...

Answer 27

120 days

Question 28

Red blood cells are _______ roughly at the same rate they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

created, destroyed

Question 29

Approximately ___________ new RBCs enter circulation each second.

Answer 29

3 million

Question 30

About \_\_% are replaced each day

Answer 30

1

Question 31

When RBCs hemolyze (rupture), the heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

biliverdin (an organic compound with a greenish color)

Question 32

Biliverdin is converted to ________ and released into the bloodstream to be absorbed by the liver

Answer 32

Bilirubin

Question 33

Jaundice is caused by...

Answer 33

Blocked bile ducts that cause bilirubin to diffuse into peripheral tissues. Causing a yellow discoloration most apparent in skin and sclera of eyes

Question 34

Concentration of nitrogenous wastes will

Answer 34

Neutralize formaldehyde upon contact

Question 35

White blood cells are also called

Answer 35

Leukocytes

Question 36

WBCs help defend the body against

Answer 36

* Invasion by pathogens * Remove toxins, wastes and abnormal or damaged cells

Question 37

Five types of white blood cells

Answer 37

1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Monocytes 5. Lymphocytes

Question 38

50-70% of all WBCs are

Answer 38

Neutrophils

Question 39

Neutrophils are the

Answer 39

First responders

Question 40

Eosinophils attack objects coated with

Answer 40

antibodies

Question 41

Basophils

Answer 41

* Rare * Accumulate in damaged tissues * Release heparin and histamine

Question 42

Monocytes

Answer 42

* 2-8% of WBCs * Begin scar tissue production

Question 43

Lymphocytes

Answer 43

* Attack foreign cells and abnormal body cells

Question 44

Platelets

Answer 44

aka thrombocytes Initiate clotting process

Question 45

What are the three pathways in the clotting process?

Answer 45

1. Contact or intrinsic pathway 2. Tissue factor or extrinsic pathway 3. Common pathway