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The Patient > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart?

A

A closed system that pumps blood and has blood vessels that circulate blood.

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2
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients + removes CO2 and other waste products

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3
Q

*Where is the heart?

A
  • Thorax between the lungs
  • Pointed apex towards the left hip
  • About size of the fist
  • <450g
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4
Q

*What are the main structures of the heart?

A 
Vena Cava (IN)
Atrium (Right)
Ventricle (Right)
Arteries (Pulmonary)
LUNGS
Veins (4 Pulmonary)
Atrium (Left)
Ventricle (Left)
Aorta (+ branches)
BODY
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5
Q

*What are the heart coverings?

A

Pericardium - double serous membrane that goes over the top of the heart

  • visceral pericardium - right by the heart
  • parietal pericardium - outside layer of the heart
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6
Q

*What are the components of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium - outside layer (parietal pericardium)
- connective tissue layer that ensures heart sits in right place
Myocardium - Middle Layer
- mostly cardiac muscle (contracting part)
Endocardium - Inner Layer
- Endothelium in contact with blood when its pumping

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7
Q

*What are the main heart valves?

A 
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
Between atria and ventricles
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve = left
- Tricuspid valve = right
SEMILUNAR VALVES
Between ventricle + artery
- Aortic S-L valve = left
- Pulmonary S-L valve = right
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8
Q

What are heart valves held in place by?

A

Chordae Tendinae (heart strings)

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9
Q

*How do AV valves open?

A
  1. Blood fills atria from body, puts pressure against AV valves + forces them open
  2. As ventricles fill, AV valves flap limply + hang into ventricles
  3. Atria contract, forcing last bit of blood into ventricles
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10
Q

*How do AV valves close?

A
  1. Ventricles contract, force blood against AV valve cusps
  2. AV valves close
  3. Chordae Tendinae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting back into atria
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11
Q

*How do S-L valves open?

A

As ventricles contract + intraventricular pressure rises. blood is pushed up against S-L valves, forcing them open.

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12
Q

*How do S-L valves close?

A

As ventricles relax + intraventricular pressure falls. blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of S-L valves + forcing them to close.

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13
Q

What supplies the heart with its own blood supply?

A

Nourishing circulatory system:

  • Coronary arteries
  • Cardiac veins
  • blood empties into right atrium via the coronary sinus
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14
Q

*What is involved in the conduction system of the heart?

A
  • SAN in right atrium is pacemaker
  • AV node (junction of right + left atria + ventricles)
  • AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
  • Bundle branches (right + left)
  • Purkinje Fibres
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15
Q

*How is an electrical impulse sent through the heart?

A
  • EI spreads from SAN throughout Left + Right Atria

- EI spreads from Bundle Branches throughout Left + Right Ventricles

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16
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

Increase in pressure

17
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

Decrease in Pressure

18
Q

*What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. VENTRICULAR FILLING - mid to late diastole
    - Ventricular Filling
    - Atrial contraction
  2. VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE - atria in diastole
    - Isovolumetric contraction phase
    - Ventricular Ejection Phase
  3. EARLY DIASTOLE
    - Isovolumetric Relaxation
19
Q

How can we measure cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

20
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

21
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one contraction.

22
Q

How is increased heart rate regulated?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system = in crisis or low BP
  • hormones = adrenaline, thyroxine
  • exercise
  • decreased blood volume
23
Q

How is decreased heart rate regulated?

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system = high BP or high blood vol

- Decreased venous return

24
Q

What does Digitalis provide in congestive heart failure?

A

Heart worn out + pumps weakly in CHF
BUT
digitalis provides slow, steady but STRONGER beat

The Patient (15 decks)

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