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Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Amount of blood left in the heart at the end of relaxation. 120ml

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2
Q

End systolic volume

A

Amount of blood left in the heart after contraction. 50ml

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3
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount pumped out per beat. EDV-ESV. 70ml

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4
Q

Heart failure

A

Chronic hypertenion

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5
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

When a person has hypertension resistance to flow is higher and the heart has to contract harder. The muscle grows and then the sarcomeres dont line up and the heart gets stiffer and contracts weaker. This causes less blood to be pumped out

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6
Q

Mitral valve prolaspe

A

Hernation or bulging of the AV valve into the left atrium

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7
Q

Atrial regurgitation

A

The seal of the left AV valve is compromised and blood can leak back into the atrium

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8
Q

Heart murmur

A

The hissing sound of blood leaking back into the atrium

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9
Q

Lubb noise

A

First heart sound. AV valve closing

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10
Q

Dupp

A

Second heart sound. Semi lunar valves close

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11
Q

If lusitropy (heart rate) is lower what happens to stroke volume?

A

It is greater

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12
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Efficiency of the pump. SV/EDV.

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13
Q

Normal ejection fraction

A

Greater than or equal to 55%

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14
Q

Cardiac output equals

A

SV x HR

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15
Q

Heart rate is generated by

A

The SA node

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16
Q

Sympathetic does what to heart rate

A

Increases

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17
Q

Parasympathetic does what to heart rate?

A

Decreases

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18
Q

Upper limit for conduction through AV node

A

250 bpm

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19
Q

Heart rate 160-180 decrease CO because

A

The heart is beating so fast that it doesnt have time to relax fully which means not enough blood back to heart to pump back out

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20
Q

Why is there a delay through the AV node

A

So the atrium and ventricals dont contract at the same time

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21
Q

Ways to control SV

A

Increase sympathetic stimulation, increase intracellular calcium and increase contractility

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22
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

The heart can intrinsically adjust its SV in response to changes in venous return

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23
Q

Preload

A

Blood returning to the heart

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24
Q

Ways to increase SV

A

Increase contractility and increase EDV

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25
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure blood has to pump against; blood pumping against blood

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26
Q

Increase preload will do what?

A

Increase EDV to increase SV

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27
Q

Increase afterload will do what?

A

Increase EDV to decrese SV

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28
Q

Increase inotropy (contractility) will do what?

A

Decrease ESV to increase SV

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29
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Blood in CVS during contraction. The left ventrical is pushing out

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30
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Blood in CVS during relax. Left ventrical relaxing

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31
Q

Pulse pressure

A

SP-DP

32
Q

Mean Arteral Pressure

A

CO x TPR

33
Q

MAP equation

A

2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic

34
Q

MAP value

A

70-110 good around 90

35
Q

Ways to increase arterial blood pressure

A

Increase SV, increase HR, increase blood viscosity, decrease diameter of arteroiles

36
Q

Increase norepi onto blood vessel

A

Vasoconstrict

37
Q

Decrease norepi onto blood vessels

A

Vasodilate

38
Q

Baroreceptors detects high blood pressure

A

Increase para on heart goes to SA node to decrease HR to decrease CO. Decrease symp goes to ateriolar smooth muscle to vadodilate decrease resistance

39
Q

Baroreceptors detect low MAP

A

Decrease para goes to SA node increase CO. Increase symp to arterioles and veins to vasoconstrict increase resistance

40
Q

Chemoreceptors detect too much CO2

A

Increase heart rate and blood pressure by increase symp to heart and blood vessels and decrease para

41
Q

Distribution vessels

A

Aorta and large arteries

42
Q

Resistance vessels

A

Regulating flow are small arteries and mostly arterioles

43
Q

Exchange vessels

A

Moving nutrients and waste are capillaries

44
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

Hold a lot of blood so that most of the blood is in the venous system. Venules, veins and vena cava

45
Q

Medium sized veins

A

Have one way check valves to help move blood up

46
Q

Aorta

A

Has elastic fibers to push blood

47
Q

Arterial blood flow

A

Blood is sent into the aorta and elastic fibers strech and as they recoil the send blood forward into the rest of the circulatory system

48
Q

Vasodilators

A

Decreased sympathetic tone

49
Q

Vasoconstrictors

A

Angiotension II, antidiuretic hormone, epi and norepi

50
Q

Shear stress

A

Is when blood moves parallel in the vessel. It then activates different proteins

51
Q

How does shear stress help improve vascular health

A

Decrease blood pressure and decrease atherogenesis

52
Q

Blood viscosity greater than 58%

A

Increases resistance

53
Q

Formation of atherosclerosis

A

Ldl levels are high and cholesterol build up in connective tissue. This causes a immune response and cells rupture into the walls. Then a clot forms

54
Q

What does the lymph system do?

A

Takes up excess fluid to drain

55
Q

Arterioles

A

Major ristance vessels that are endotheium and smooth muscles. They direct and redistribute blood flow and help regulate MAP

56
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

The blood vessels for blood vessels

57
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

Very tight junctions to keep things out, found in muscles neural and connective tissue

58
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Large pores allow high volumes of fluid to pass through. Found in kidneys to help filter blood and intestines

59
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

Have huge gaps to allow blood cells and plasma proteins to enter blood. Found in bone marrow liver and spleen

60
Q

Arteriovenous shunts

A

Shunts blood right from an atery to a vein bypassing capillary bed. Thermoregulation and erection

61
Q

Starling forces

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, cap oncotic pressure, interstitial fluid oncotic pressure

62
Q

Pc

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure. Blood pressure. 37 at arterial end and 17 at venous end

63
Q

Pif

A

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. Pushing fluid in. 1 all the way through

64
Q

(PI)p

A

Capillary oncotic pressure. Proteins in the blood drawing water in. 25 all the way

65
Q

(PI)if

A

Interstital fluid oncotic pressure. Solutes in ICF drawing water out. 0 all the way

66
Q

Arterial end of capillary

A

11 mmHg filtration out

67
Q

Venous end of capillary

A

-9 mmHg reabsorbtion in

68
Q

Where does the lymph system drain?

A

Into subclavians

69
Q

Edema

A

Immune response for natural healing

70
Q

Lymphedema

A

Block in lymph vessel causing fluid to not be able to drain

71
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Build up of fluid in peritneal cavity because not enough protien in diet

72
Q

Ascites

A

Alcoholism causes the liver to be damages and it cant produce albium so fluid builds up in stomach

73
Q

2/3 of blood volume is where?

A

In venous system

74
Q

Venous return happens because

A

Pressure gradient, inspiration, venocinstriction, and the SMP

75
Q

Venoconstriction for venous return

A

Help maintain preload by drawing blood back to heart

76
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

While moving the muscles squish together and squish the vein moving blood along

Physiology (6 decks)

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