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Human Anatomy (my notes) > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood and where does it come from?

A

mesenchyme cells of mesoderm

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2
Q

where do white blood cells come from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

how long do red blood cells live

A

120 days

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4
Q

What is another name for red blood cells? how are they considered incomplete? (amitotic)

A

erythrocytes. they lack a nucleous

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5
Q

a general name for a white blood cell?

A

Leukocyte

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6
Q

components of lymphocytes

A

b cells and t cells

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7
Q

thrombocytes

A

these are platelets that assists in blood clotting

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8
Q

mast cell

A

WBC in tissue throughout the body. they are similar to basophils however they do not circualate

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9
Q

What is transported by blood?

A

transport oxygen, co2, water to cells

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10
Q

What is normal blood pH levels?

A

7.3-7.45

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11
Q

what is it called when pH is below 7.35?

A

acidosis. these makes a depression of the cns.

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12
Q

alkadosis

A

when blood ph is above, can lead to hypersenstive, over excitable, often muscle spasms, nervousness, and convulsions

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13
Q

Albumens

A

these proteins are very abundant and play a role in stablizing blood H. Most abudnet protien in blood.

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14
Q

hypokalemia

A

low potassium

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15
Q

3 main functions of blood

A
  1. transportation
  2. regulation
  3. protection
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16
Q

what is blood made out of?

A

plasma and formed elements

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17
Q

plurpionent cell makes myloid and lymphoid cells

A 
myloid (blood cells)
lymphoid cells (white blood cells)
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18
Q

Abundance of leukocytes

A
  1. Never- neutrophils
  2. Let -lymphocytes- B/T cells
  3. Monkies - monocytes- Macrophages
  4. Eat - esophils
  5. Banannas- basophils
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19
Q

heme breaks down into….

A

iron

biliverdin –> bilirubin

20
Q

a build up of too much bilirubin can cause

A

liver failure

21
Q

Steps of blood clotting

A
  1. Collagen fibers- exposed and platetes ahere
  2. plateles- the release sticky chemicals
  3. fibrin- acts as mesh to form clot
22
Q

what determines blood type?

A

the anti bodies (anti A and Anti B) in the blood plasma

23
Q

identify the different parts of the pericardium

A
  1. fibrous pericardium- this is in the outer of it. it is stronger
  2. serous pericardum- this is double membrane and it is softer.
24
Q

Name the parts of the serous pericardium

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer - closer to inner heart
  • between these two cavities is the PERICARDIAL CAVITY- a space filled with pericardial fluid that reduces friction between two membranes
25
Q

how many layers does the wall of the heart have?

A
  1. epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
26
Q

endocardium- tunica intima

A

this is close to the myocardium and it has blood vessels

27
Q

how are cardiac muscles arranged?

A

spiral bundles (spiral fascicles)

28
Q

what does each of the two arteries that leave the heart have?

A

a semilunar valve

29
Q

systole

A

contractions

30
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

31
Q

What are the difference cardiac cycles

A

a. relaxation period
b. atrail systole
c. ventricular systole

32
Q

how long does a complete cardiac cycle take? how many beats per minute?

A

.8 secs. 75 beats per minute

33
Q

What is the first heart sound? what does it represent?

A

lub. the closing of the atrioventricular valves.

34
Q

what is the second heart sound.? what does it represent?

A

dubb. it represents the closing of the semilunar valves

35
Q

what is the cardiac cycle like

A

it is a mechanical event

36
Q

5 phases of heart cycle

A
  1. Blood from the atria “tops off” the ventricles.
  2. Iso = “same”; ventricles fill with the same volume of blood; AV valves close — “Lubb” sound or S1.
  3. …is like wringing out a wet rag.
  4. “dubb?” or S2 —closing of SL valves
  5. AV valves open
37
Q

isovolumic

A

volume stays the same. all valves are closed at this time to cause a sharp increase in pressure

38
Q

What does cardiac output depend on?

A

blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta each minute.

CO= stroke volume x beats per minue

39
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood jected by a ventricle during ventricle systole

40
Q

fight or flight (sympathetic responses)

A

these increase heart rate

41
Q

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

A

these decrease heart rate

42
Q

what does cornonary artery disease do?

A

accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. reduction of blood flow to myocardium.

43
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotiens “bad cholestrol”

44
Q

myocardial ishemia

A

reduction of blood flow to myocardium

45
Q

mycardial infarction

A

complete obstroction of blood flow. we have tissue death because there is missing air

46
Q

nitroglycerin

A

corrects the imbalance between the flow of oxygen and blood to the heart. The princle actio of nitroglycerin is vasolation- widening of blood vessels. They dialate VIENS mroe than ARTeries. can still lower pressure though.

Human Anatomy (my notes) (5 decks)

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