Cardiovascular system Flashcards
What type of tissue is blood and where does it come from?
mesenchyme cells of mesoderm
where do white blood cells come from
hematopoietic stem cells
how long do red blood cells live
120 days
What is another name for red blood cells? how are they considered incomplete? (amitotic)
erythrocytes. they lack a nucleous
a general name for a white blood cell?
Leukocyte
components of lymphocytes
b cells and t cells
thrombocytes
these are platelets that assists in blood clotting
mast cell
WBC in tissue throughout the body. they are similar to basophils however they do not circualate
What is transported by blood?
transport oxygen, co2, water to cells
What is normal blood pH levels?
7.3-7.45
what is it called when pH is below 7.35?
acidosis. these makes a depression of the cns.
alkadosis
when blood ph is above, can lead to hypersenstive, over excitable, often muscle spasms, nervousness, and convulsions
Albumens
these proteins are very abundant and play a role in stablizing blood H. Most abudnet protien in blood.
hypokalemia
low potassium
3 main functions of blood
- transportation
- regulation
- protection
what is blood made out of?
plasma and formed elements
plurpionent cell makes myloid and lymphoid cells
myloid (blood cells) lymphoid cells (white blood cells)
Abundance of leukocytes
- Never- neutrophils
- Let -lymphocytes- B/T cells
- Monkies - monocytes- Macrophages
- Eat - esophils
- Banannas- basophils
heme breaks down into….
iron
biliverdin –> bilirubin
a build up of too much bilirubin can cause
liver failure
Steps of blood clotting
- Collagen fibers- exposed and platetes ahere
- plateles- the release sticky chemicals
- fibrin- acts as mesh to form clot
what determines blood type?
the anti bodies (anti A and Anti B) in the blood plasma
identify the different parts of the pericardium
- fibrous pericardium- this is in the outer of it. it is stronger
- serous pericardum- this is double membrane and it is softer.
Name the parts of the serous pericardium
- parietal layer
- visceral layer - closer to inner heart
- between these two cavities is the PERICARDIAL CAVITY- a space filled with pericardial fluid that reduces friction between two membranes
how many layers does the wall of the heart have?
- epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
endocardium- tunica intima
this is close to the myocardium and it has blood vessels
how are cardiac muscles arranged?
spiral bundles (spiral fascicles)
what does each of the two arteries that leave the heart have?
a semilunar valve
systole
contractions
diastole
relaxation
What are the difference cardiac cycles
a. relaxation period
b. atrail systole
c. ventricular systole
how long does a complete cardiac cycle take? how many beats per minute?
.8 secs. 75 beats per minute
What is the first heart sound? what does it represent?
lub. the closing of the atrioventricular valves.
what is the second heart sound.? what does it represent?
dubb. it represents the closing of the semilunar valves
what is the cardiac cycle like
it is a mechanical event
5 phases of heart cycle
- Blood from the atria “tops off” the ventricles.
- Iso = “same”; ventricles fill with the same volume of blood; AV valves close — “Lubb” sound or S1.
- …is like wringing out a wet rag.
- “dubb?” or S2 —closing of SL valves
- AV valves open
isovolumic
volume stays the same. all valves are closed at this time to cause a sharp increase in pressure
What does cardiac output depend on?
blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta each minute.
CO= stroke volume x beats per minue
stroke volume
amount of blood jected by a ventricle during ventricle systole
fight or flight (sympathetic responses)
these increase heart rate
parasympathetic (rest and digest)
these decrease heart rate
what does cornonary artery disease do?
accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. reduction of blood flow to myocardium.
LDL
low density lipoprotiens “bad cholestrol”
myocardial ishemia
reduction of blood flow to myocardium
mycardial infarction
complete obstroction of blood flow. we have tissue death because there is missing air
nitroglycerin
corrects the imbalance between the flow of oxygen and blood to the heart. The princle actio of nitroglycerin is vasolation- widening of blood vessels. They dialate VIENS mroe than ARTeries. can still lower pressure though.