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Human Anatomy (my notes) > A&P Quiz 4 > Flashcards

A&P Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary gland is also called….

A

hypophysis

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2
Q

Pineal

A

melatonin; circardian rhythm

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3
Q

anterior pituitary

A

GH; cell growth

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

ADH; water balance

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5
Q

thyroid

A

T3/T4; metabolism

Calcitonin; lower blood Ca

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6
Q

parathyroid

A

PTH; raises blood Ca

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7
Q

pancreas

A

insulin; lowers blood sugar

glucagon; raises blood sugar

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8
Q

adrenal cortext

A

glucocorticoids; anti- inflammatory

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9
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine; fight or flight

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10
Q

Functions of Hormones

A
  1. help regulate
  2. control growth and development
  3. regulate operation of reproduction systems
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11
Q

peptides

A

water soluble

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12
Q

circulating hormones

A

Most endocrine hormones are circulating hormones, they pass from the secretory cells that make them into interstitial fluid and then into the blood. circulating hormones are carried through the bloodstream to act on DISTANT TARGET CELLS Paracrines act as neighboring cells, and autocrines act on the same cells that produced them.

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13
Q

local hormone

A

Local hormones, by one definition, are biologically active polypeptides that are secreted by nerve cells and gland cells and act in a paracrine fashion but also enter the circulation. AFFECTS NEARBY CELLS

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14
Q

role of LIGANDS

A

They do not enter the cell. the y are water soluble

THEY SIGNAL A PROCESS CALLED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

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15
Q

G- Protein

A

G- Protien

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16
Q

what type of hormones regulate gene expression

A

lipid soluble hormone

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17
Q

cell membrane and cytosol

A

lipid-insoluble hormone (water soluble)

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18
Q

Nervous system is like….

A

gmail

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19
Q

epricrine system is like….

A

facebook

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20
Q

nervous system (comparison)

A
  • neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses
  • close to site of release
  • muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) cells, glands cells, and other neurons
  • occurs in a couple of milliseconds
  • generally briefer
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21
Q

endocrine system (comparison)

A

-hormones are dellivered to tissues throughout body by blood
-far from site of release
- affects cells throughout body
-seconds to hours or days
generally longer

22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into interstital fluid. then the hormones diffuse into the blood

23
Q

Hormones are either _________ (ex) or _____ (ex)

A

lipid- soluble (steriods, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide)

water soluble (modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins)

24
Q

lipid soluble hormones affect cell function by __________-

A

altering gene expression

25
Q

water soluble hormones- alter cell function by ______________________

A

activating plasma membrane receptor, which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various proteins inside the cell

26
Q

Electrical signals

A

get amplified through signal transduction

27
Q

kinase

A

phosphates an enzymes. Adds a phosphate to an enzyme

28
Q

cytoplasmic receptor

A

signal transducer and activator of transcription

29
Q

posterior pituitary

A

ADH and Oxytocin stored here and released into capillaries

30
Q

sella turcica

A

where pituitary is located. pituitary postiery and anterior

31
Q

ADH= Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

also known as vasopressin. it is responsible for regulating the body’s retention of water….. it will be secreted from posterior pituitary and it secrets to the kidnies retain more water, sudoriferous sweat glands decrease, arterioles will constrict

32
Q

vasopressin

A

causes the expression of aquaporins in the collecting duct and causes “increased water reabsorption; also simulates thirst

33
Q

parafollicular cells

A

are located on the thyroid gland. these help secrete calcitonin a hormone that lowers the level of blood calcium.

34
Q

thyroid gland. how many lobes

A

it has three… right left and pyramidal lobe

35
Q

TRH

A

thyroid releasing hormone. it is created by hypothyalmus and then it goes and is store is the ANTERIOR PITUITARy. the posterier pituitary will then secrete TSH

36
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulated hormone. it is made by the anterior pitutary. and it will then go to the thyroid follicle.

37
Q

goiter

A

typically refers to an enlargement of the thyroid

38
Q

goiters what causes them?

A

iodine deficiency, selenium deficency

39
Q

What are important thyroid hormones

A

T4, T3

40
Q

another name for goiters?

A

hyperplasia

41
Q

What helps turn T4 into T3?

A

selenium

42
Q

what type of disease is graves disease?

A

autoimmune disease

43
Q

why are eyes vulnerable during grave disease?

A

the eye tissue contains proteins that appear similar to the immune system as those of the thyroid gland

44
Q

The pancreas lies in the curve of the__________. it has both _______ and _______ functions

A

lies in the curve of the duodenum. endocrine and exocrine

45
Q

(pancreas) the endocrine portion consists of ______ or ____, which are made up of alpha and beta cells.

A

pancreatic islets of islets of langerhans.

46
Q

(pancreas) alpha cells secrete____

beta cells secrete____

A

glucagon (raise glucose level)
insulin (lower glucose level)

Note both of these are controlled by the level of glucose

47
Q

What type of feedback system is it called when blood glucose level is controlled by glucagon and insulin

A

negative feedback system

48
Q

What are glucocorticoids made out of and what do they help do

A

made out of corisol, they help promote a healthy metabolism, help relieve stress, and DECREASE INFLAMATION

49
Q

What are androgens?

A

they are secreted by the adrenal cortex and stimulate the growth of axillary and pubic hair, growth and development

50
Q

What secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

adrenal medullae

51
Q

what is the adrenal medullae regulated by?

A

sympathetic division of the ANS

Human Anatomy (my notes) (5 decks)

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