A&P Quiz 4 Flashcards
Pituitary gland is also called….
hypophysis
Pineal
melatonin; circardian rhythm
anterior pituitary
GH; cell growth
Posterior pituitary
ADH; water balance
thyroid
T3/T4; metabolism
Calcitonin; lower blood Ca
parathyroid
PTH; raises blood Ca
pancreas
insulin; lowers blood sugar
glucagon; raises blood sugar
adrenal cortext
glucocorticoids; anti- inflammatory
adrenal medulla
epinephrine; fight or flight
Functions of Hormones
- help regulate
- control growth and development
- regulate operation of reproduction systems
peptides
water soluble
circulating hormones
Most endocrine hormones are circulating hormones, they pass from the secretory cells that make them into interstitial fluid and then into the blood. circulating hormones are carried through the bloodstream to act on DISTANT TARGET CELLS Paracrines act as neighboring cells, and autocrines act on the same cells that produced them.
local hormone
Local hormones, by one definition, are biologically active polypeptides that are secreted by nerve cells and gland cells and act in a paracrine fashion but also enter the circulation. AFFECTS NEARBY CELLS
role of LIGANDS
They do not enter the cell. the y are water soluble
THEY SIGNAL A PROCESS CALLED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
G- Protein
G- Protien
what type of hormones regulate gene expression
lipid soluble hormone
cell membrane and cytosol
lipid-insoluble hormone (water soluble)
Nervous system is like….
gmail
epricrine system is like….
nervous system (comparison)
- neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses
- close to site of release
- muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) cells, glands cells, and other neurons
- occurs in a couple of milliseconds
- generally briefer
endocrine system (comparison)
-hormones are dellivered to tissues throughout body by blood
-far from site of release
- affects cells throughout body
-seconds to hours or days
generally longer
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into interstital fluid. then the hormones diffuse into the blood
Hormones are either _________ (ex) or _____ (ex)
lipid- soluble (steriods, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide)
water soluble (modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins)
lipid soluble hormones affect cell function by __________-
altering gene expression
water soluble hormones- alter cell function by ______________________
activating plasma membrane receptor, which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various proteins inside the cell
Electrical signals
get amplified through signal transduction
kinase
phosphates an enzymes. Adds a phosphate to an enzyme
cytoplasmic receptor
signal transducer and activator of transcription
posterior pituitary
ADH and Oxytocin stored here and released into capillaries
sella turcica
where pituitary is located. pituitary postiery and anterior
ADH= Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
also known as vasopressin. it is responsible for regulating the body’s retention of water….. it will be secreted from posterior pituitary and it secrets to the kidnies retain more water, sudoriferous sweat glands decrease, arterioles will constrict
vasopressin
causes the expression of aquaporins in the collecting duct and causes “increased water reabsorption; also simulates thirst
parafollicular cells
are located on the thyroid gland. these help secrete calcitonin a hormone that lowers the level of blood calcium.
thyroid gland. how many lobes
it has three… right left and pyramidal lobe
TRH
thyroid releasing hormone. it is created by hypothyalmus and then it goes and is store is the ANTERIOR PITUITARy. the posterier pituitary will then secrete TSH
TSH
Thyroid stimulated hormone. it is made by the anterior pitutary. and it will then go to the thyroid follicle.
goiter
typically refers to an enlargement of the thyroid
goiters what causes them?
iodine deficiency, selenium deficency
What are important thyroid hormones
T4, T3
another name for goiters?
hyperplasia
What helps turn T4 into T3?
selenium
what type of disease is graves disease?
autoimmune disease
why are eyes vulnerable during grave disease?
the eye tissue contains proteins that appear similar to the immune system as those of the thyroid gland
The pancreas lies in the curve of the__________. it has both _______ and _______ functions
lies in the curve of the duodenum. endocrine and exocrine
(pancreas) the endocrine portion consists of ______ or ____, which are made up of alpha and beta cells.
pancreatic islets of islets of langerhans.
(pancreas) alpha cells secrete____
beta cells secrete____
glucagon (raise glucose level)
insulin (lower glucose level)
Note both of these are controlled by the level of glucose
What type of feedback system is it called when blood glucose level is controlled by glucagon and insulin
negative feedback system
What are glucocorticoids made out of and what do they help do
made out of corisol, they help promote a healthy metabolism, help relieve stress, and DECREASE INFLAMATION
What are androgens?
they are secreted by the adrenal cortex and stimulate the growth of axillary and pubic hair, growth and development
What secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
adrenal medullae
what is the adrenal medullae regulated by?
sympathetic division of the ANS
